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he reproached and threatened, and 2.280 finally he said, "You all deserve to die, however, I will not put you all to death myself, but I will punish a few whom I have already arrested, and the rest I release." After saying these things, he brought the prisoners into their midst, and after binding them to crosses and torturing them, he killed them. But when some of the bystanders became indignant and made a disturbance, he punished many of them as well. And after this, having given their pay to the others, he marched against Indibilis and Mandonius. And when they did not dare to engage him, he himself attacked and was victorious. After they had surrendered, most of the rest of Iberia was again enslaved, and Mago abandoned Gades, and Masinissa went over to the Romans. For the Carthaginians, after the death of Hasdrubal, Hannibal's brother, voted to withdraw from Iberia and to recover their possessions in Italy. And they sent money to Mago, so that he might gather a mercenary force and campaign against it. And he, setting out for Italy again, came to the Gymnesian islands. And he missed the larger one, being unable to land on it, for the inhabitants slung stones at the ships from a distance, being very skilled at doing this, but he put in at the smaller one and remained there through the winter. These islands lie off the mainland near the Iberus; there are three of them, which the Greeks and Romans together call the Gymnesiae, but the Iberians call the Valerias and Hyasusas, and individually they call one Ebesus, the larger one, and the third one the smaller, most appropriately. But the Romans took possession of Gades. Masinissa was a man counted among the best; for in matters of war he happened to be 2.281 excellent both in deed and in counsel. He had been brought over from the Carthaginians to the Romans for the following reason. Hasdrubal, the son of Gisgo, was his friend and had betrothed his own daughter, Sophonisba, to him. But after meeting with Syphax and perceiving that he favored the Romans, he no longer kept his agreements with Masinissa, but wanting to win over Syphax, the ruler of no small force, to the Carthaginians, he both helped him secure the rule which belonged to Masinissa, as his father had then died, and gave him Sophonisba in marriage. She was conspicuous for her beauty and was cultivated in much learning, both letters and music, and she was witty and charming, and so alluring that upon just being seen or heard she could overcome even the most unromantic man. So Syphax, on account of these things, sided with the Carthaginians, and Masinissa chose the side of the Romans and became most useful to them in all things; and Scipio, having won over all the territory this side of the Pyrenees, some by force and some by agreement, was preparing to be sent to Libya. But the people in Rome, partly out of envy of his successes and partly out of fear that he might become arrogant and become a tyrant, recalled him, sending two of the generals as his successors. And so he was relieved of his command, but Sulpicius with Attalus at the same time took Oreus by treachery and Opus by force. For Philip was unable to come to their aid quickly, as the Aetolians had previously seized the passes. 2.282 But arriving late at last, he forced Attalus to flee to his ships. However, Philip wished to make a truce with the Romans. And after some discussions were held between them, the matter of peace was dropped, but he persuaded the Aetolians to cease their alliance with the Romans and made them his friends. Hannibal meanwhile kept quiet, being content if he could preserve his current possessions. And the consuls, thinking that he would be worn out even without a battle, held back. In the following year Publius Scipio and Licinius Crassus became consuls. And the one remained in Italy, but Scipio was ordered to go to Sicily and then to Libya, so that if he did not take Carthage, he might at least draw Hannibal away from Italy. But he received neither a considerable army nor funds for triremes, being envied for his brilliant achievements; and they scarcely provided him with even the bare necessities. And he with the

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ὠνείδισε καὶ ἠπείλησε, καὶ 2.280 τέλος "πάντες μέν" εφη "θανεῖν ἐστε αξιοι, οὐ μέντοι πάντας θανατώσω αὐτός, ἀλλ' ὀλίγους ους καὶ ηδη συνείληφα δικαιώσω, τοὺς δὲ αλλους ἀφίημι." ταῦτα εἰπὼν εἰς τὸ μέσον τοὺς δεδεμένους παρήγαγε, καὶ σταυροῖς προσδήσας καὶ αἰκισάμενος ἀπέκτεινεν. ὡς δέ τινες τῶν παρεστηκότων ἀγανακτήσαντες ἐθορύβησαν, συχνοὺς καὶ ἐκείνων ἐκόλασε. καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο τὴν μισθοφορὰν τοῖς αλλοις δοὺς ἐπὶ τὸν ̓Ινδίβιλιν καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Μανδόνιον ἐστράτευσε. καὶ μὴ τολμώντων ἐκείνων συμμίξαι αὐτῷ, αὐτὸς ἐπέθετο καὶ ἐνίκησεν. ̔Ομολογησάντων δ' ἐκείνων, καὶ τῆς αλλης ̓Ιβηρίας τὰ πλείω αυθις ἐδουλώθη, καὶ ὁ Μάγων τὰ Γάδειρα ἐξέλιπε, καὶ ὁ Μασινίσσας τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις προσεχώρησεν. οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι γάρ, τελευτήσαντος ̓Ασδρούβα τοῦ ̓Αννίβου ὁμαίμονος, ἐψηφίσαντο τῆς μὲν ̓Ιβηρίας ἐκστῆναι, τὰ δὲ ἐν τῇ ̓Ιταλίᾳ ἀνακτήσασθαι· καὶ επεμψαν ἀργύριον τῷ Μάγωνι, ιν' ἐπικουρικὸν ἀθροίσας στρατεύσηται ἐπ' αὐτήν. καὶ ος πρὸς τὴν ̓Ιταλίαν αυθις ὁρμήσας ἀφίκετο πρὸς τὰς Γυμνησίας νήσους. καὶ τῆς μὲν μείζονος ημαρτε, μὴ δυνηθεὶς εἰς αὐτὴν κατᾶραι, οἱ γὰρ ἐπιχώριοι πόρρωθεν ἐς τὰς ναῦς ἐσφενδόνων, κράτιστοι τοῦτο ποιεῖν οντες, εἰς δὲ τὴν μικροτέραν προσορμισάμενος ἐκεῖ διὰ τὸν χειμῶνα κατέμεινεν. αἱ νῆσοι δ' αυται τῇ περὶ τὸν Ιβηρα ἠπείρῳ ἐπίκεινται· εἰσὶ δὲ τρεῖς, ας Ελληνες μὲν καὶ ̔Ρωμαῖοι κοινῇ Γυμνησίας καλοῦσιν, Οὐαλερίας δὲ καὶ ̔Υασούσας οἱ Ιβηρες, ἰδίᾳ δ' ἑκάστην, τὴν μὲν Εβεσον, τὴν δὲ μείζω, μικροτέραν δὲ τὴν τρίτην φερωνυμώτατα. τὰ Γάδειρα δὲ οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι κατέσχον. ̔Ο δὲ Μασινίσσας ἀνὴρ ην ἐν τοῖς κρατίστοις ἐξεταζόμενος· καὶ χειρὶ γὰρ καὶ βουλεύμασιν αριστος 2.281 ἐτύγχανε τὰ πολέμια. πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ̔Ρωμαίους ἐκ τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἐξ αἰτίας τοιᾶσδε μετήνεκτο. ὁ ̓Ασδρούβας ὁ τοῦ Γίσγωνος φίλος τε ην αὐτῷ καὶ Σοφωνίδα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ θυγατέρα αὐτῷ ἐνηγγύησε. τῷ Σύφακι δὲ συγγενόμενος, καὶ τὰ τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων αὐτὸν φρονοῦντα αἰσθόμενος, οὐκέτι τὰ ὡμολογημένα πρὸς τὸν Μασινίσσαν ἐφύλαξεν, ἀλλὰ θέλων τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις τὸν Σύφακα προσποιήσασθαι, οὐκ ἐλαχίστης δυνάμεως αρχοντα, τήν τε ἀρχὴν αὐτῷ συγκατέπραξεν, η τῷ Μασινίσσᾳ προσῆκε, τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ τότε θανόντος, καὶ τὴν Σοφωνίδα συνῴκισεν. ἡ δὲ τό τε κάλλος ἐπιφανὴς ην καὶ παιδείᾳ πολλῇ καὶ γραμμάτων καὶ μουσικῆς ησκητο, ἀστεία τε καὶ αἱμύλος ην, καὶ ουτως ἐπαφρόδιτος ὡς ὀφθεῖσα η καὶ ἀκουσθεῖσα μόνον καὶ τὸν πάνυ δυσέρωτα κατεργάσασθαι. ̔Ο μὲν ουν Σύφαξ διὰ ταῦτα τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις προσέθετο, καὶ ὁ Μασινίσσας τὰ τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων ἀνθείλετο καὶ χρησιμώτατος αὐτοῖς διὰ πάντων ἐγένετο· Σκιπίων δὲ πάντα τὰ ἐντὸς τοῦ Πυρηναίου τὰ μὲν βίᾳ, τὰ δὲ ὁμολογίᾳ προσποιησάμενος ἐς τὴν Λιβύην στείλασθαι ἡτοιμάζετο. οἱ δ' ἐν τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ τὰ μὲν φθόνῳ τῶν κατορθωμάτων αὐτοῦ, τὰ δὲ φόβῳ μὴ ὑπερφρονήσας τυραννήσῃ, ἀνεκαλέσαντο αὐτόν, δύο τῶν στρατηγῶν διαδόχους αὐτῷ πέμψαντες. Καὶ ὁ μὲν ουτω τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐπαύθη, ὁ δέ γε Σουλπίκιος μετὰ τοῦ ̓Αττάλου κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον ̓Ωρεὸν μὲν προδοσίᾳ, ̓Οποῦντα δὲ ἰσχύϊ κατέσχεν. ὁ γὰρ Φίλιππος οὐκ ἠδυνήθη αὐτοῖς ἐπαμῦναι διὰ ταχέων, τὰς διόδους προκατασχόντων τῶν Αἰτωλῶν. 2.282 ὀψὲ δέ ποτε ἐπελθών, εἰς τὰς ναῦς αὐτοῦ τὸν Ατταλον καταφυγεῖν ἐβιάσατο. ὁ μέντοι Φίλιππος σπείσασθαι τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις ἠθέλησε. καί τινων λόγων αὐτοῖς γενομένων τὰ μὲν τῆς εἰρήνης ἀφείθη, τοὺς δ' Αἰτωλοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ συμμαχεῖν τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις μεταθέμενος φίλους ἑαυτοῦ ἐποιήσατο. ̔Ο δ' ̓Αννίβας τέως ἡσυχίαν ηγεν, ἀγαπῶν εἰ τὰ ὑπάρχοντά οἱ διασώσαιτο. καὶ οἱ υπατοι νομίζοντες αὐτὸν καὶ ανευ μάχης ἐκτρυχωθῆναι, ἀνεῖχον. Τῷ δ' ἐπιόντι ετει ο τε Σκιπίων ὁ Πούπλιος καὶ Λικίνιος Κράσσος ὑπάτευσαν. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐν τῇ ̓Ιταλίᾳ εμεινεν, ὁ δὲ Σκιπίων ἐς Σικελίαν ἀπελθεῖν καὶ ἐς Λιβύην προσετέτακτο, ινα εἰ μὴ τὴν Καρχηδόνα αἱρήσει, τόν γε ̓Αννίβαν ἀπὸ τῆς ̓Ιταλίας τέως ἀνθελκύσῃ. ουτε δὲ στράτευμα ἀξιόλογον ουτε πρὸς τριήρεις ἀνάλωμα ελαβε, διὰ τὰς ἀριστείας φθονούμενος· μόλις δὲ καὶ τὰ πάνυ ἀναγκαῖα παρέσχον αὐτῷ. καὶ ὁ μὲν σὺν τῷ