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having campaigned with them in Italy and remained there, for a time he kept quiet, but when the Macedonian war broke out, he caused the Gauls to revolt from the Romans and, campaigning with them against the Ligurians, he won some of them over also. But having been fought against by the praetor Lucius Furius, they were defeated and sent an embassy concerning a truce. And the Ligurians indeed obtained it, but to the others it was not granted; instead, Aurelius the consul campaigned against them, envying the praetor his victory. In the next year, many terrible things were brought about by Hamilcar and the Gauls. For they both defeated Gnaeus Baebius the praetor, and were overrunning the allied territory of the Romans, and they besieged Placentia and having captured it, razed it to the ground. And in Greece and Macedonia Publius Villius the consul was encamped opposite Philip, who had previously occupied the passes of Epirus, through which are the entrances into Macedonia. And after the winter, since Philip had fortified the entire space between the mountains and was difficult to fight against, Titus Flaminius the consul with a few men went around the encircling wall by a certain narrow path. and appearing suddenly on the high ground to the right he terrified Philip, who thought that the entire army of Titus had passed within the narrows; whence he also departed immediately for Macedonia. But the 2.296 consul did not pursue him, but won over the cities in Epirus. And having gone into Thessaly he won over many places from Philip, and retired into Phocis and Boeotia. And he was besieging Elatea, while Lucius Flaminius his brother, with Attalus and the Rhodians, was subduing the islands. And finally having taken Cenchreae, and having learned that ambassadors had been sent to the Achaeans for an alliance, they also sent some; and the Athenians joined the embassy. And at first the opinions of the Achaeans were divided, some voting for an alliance with Philip, others for the Romans, but at long last they voted to aid them. And they campaigned together against Corinth, and they demolished some of the wall, but suffering from sallies, they withdrew. Then Philip, fearing that many cities might be captured, sent a herald to the consul regarding peace. And he received his proposals, and they and their allies came together, but nothing was accomplished except that Philip was permitted to send ambassadors to Rome. And nothing came of it there either; for when the Greeks demanded that he withdraw from Corinth and Chalcis and from Demetrias in Thessaly, Philip's ambassadors said they had no instructions concerning these matters, and they departed without success. But those in Rome, having voted the command in Greece to Flaminius for the coming year as well, also entrusted to him the matters concerning Philip. And he, because he was about to remain in his post, prepared for war, and all the more so because Nabis the tyrant of the Lacedaemonians had made a truce with him, although he was a friend of Philip 2.297 and had received Argos from him. For the Macedonian, being unable to manage many things at once, and fearing that the city might be taken by the Romans, entrusted it to Nabis, so that he might give it back later. And when Aelius Paetus the consul campaigned against the Gauls, many on both sides were perishing as they engaged one another, but nothing decisive was accomplished. But the Carthaginian hostages and the slaves with them and the captives sold to some, having dared to seize the cities in which they were each quartered, and having killed many of the local inhabitants, were put down by Cornelius Lentulus the praetor before they accomplished anything greater. The Gauls, however, being elated by their successes and perceiving that the Romans were warring against them as a secondary matter, prepared as if to march even against Rome. The Romans, therefore, in fear sent both consuls, Cornelius Cethegus and Minucius Rufus, against the Gauls; who, having divided their forces, were ravaging different parts of the country. Therefore, the enemy also divided their forces against the consuls, and those who engaged Cethegus with Hamilcar were defeated; and the rest, learning of this, grew cowardly and no longer engaged Rufus, but he overran the country without fear. And those with Cethegus

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συστρατεύσας ἐν ̓Ιταλίᾳ κἀκεῖ ὑπομείνας, τέως μὲν ἡσυχίαν ηγεν, ὡς δ' ὁ Μακεδονικὸς πόλεμος ἐνέστη, τούς τε Γαλάτας τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων ἀπέστησε καὶ μετ' αὐτῶν ἐπὶ Λίγυας στρατεύσας τινὰς κἀκείνων προσεποιήσατο. Λουκίῳ δὲ Φουρίῳ στρατηγοῦντι πολεμηθέντες ἡττήθησαν καὶ περὶ σπονδῶν ἐπρεσβεύσαντο. καὶ οἱ μὲν Λίγυες ετυχον αὐτῶν, τοῖς αλλοις δὲ οὐκ ἐδόθησαν, ἀλλ' ἀντεστράτευσεν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς Αὐρήλιος ὁ υπατος, φθονήσας τῆς νίκης τῷ στρατηγῷ. Τῷ δ' ἑξῆς ετει πρὸς τοῦ ̓Αμίλκα καὶ τῶν Γαλατῶν συνηνέχθη πολλὰ καὶ δεινά. Γναῖόν τε γὰρ Βαίβιον στρατηγὸν ἐνίκησαν, καὶ τὴν συμμαχίδα τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων κατέτρεχον, καὶ Πλακεντίαν ἐπολιόρκουν καὶ ἑλόντες κατέσκαψαν. ̓Εν δὲ τῇ ̔Ελλάδι καὶ τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ Πούπλιος Οὐίλλιος ὁ υπατος ἀντεκάθητο τῷ Φιλίππῳ, τὰ τῆς ̓Ηπείρου προκαταλαβόντι στενά, δι' ων εἰς τὴν Μακεδονίαν εἰσὶν εἰσβολαί. μετὰ δὲ τὸν χειμῶνα Τίτος Φλαμίνιος υπατος, τοῦ Φιλίππου πᾶν τὸ μεταξὺ τῶν ὀρῶν διατειχίσαντος καὶ οντος δυσπολεμήτου, διά τινος ἐκπεριῆλθε στενῆς ἀτραποῦ μετ' ὀλίγων τὸ περιτείχισμα. καὶ φανεὶς ἐξ ὑπερδεξίων αἰφνίδιον ἐφόβησε τὸν Φίλιππον, νομίσαντα πᾶν τὸ τοῦ Τίτου στράτευμα εισω τῶν στενῶν παρελθεῖν· οθεν καὶ εἰς τὴν Μακεδονίαν ἀπῆρεν εὐθύς. ὁ δ' 2.296 υπατος ἐκεῖνον μὲν οὐκ ἐδίωξε, τὰς δ' ἐν τῇ ̓Ηπείρῳ πόλεις προσεποιήσατο. καὶ ἐς Θεσσαλίαν ἐλθὼν πολλὰ παρεσπάσατο τοῦ Φιλίππου, καὶ εἰς τὴν Φωκίδα τὴν Βοιωτίαν τε ἀνεχώρησε. καὶ ὁ μὲν ̓Ελάτειαν ἐπολιόρκει, Λούκιος δὲ Φλαμίνιος ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ μετὰ τοῦ ̓Αττάλου καὶ τῶν ̔Ροδίων τὰς νήσους ἐχειροῦτο. καὶ τέλος Κέγχρειαν ἑλόντες, καὶ πυθόμενοι πρέσβεις πρὸς τοὺς ̓Αχαιοὺς ἐπὶ συμμαχίᾳ πεπέμφθαι, ἀπέστειλαν καὶ αὐτοί· καὶ ̓Αθηναῖοι συνεπρεσβεύσαντο. καὶ πρότερον μὲν ἐμερίσθησαν αἱ γνῶμαι τῶν ̓Αχαιῶν, τῶν μὲν τῷ Φιλίππῳ τὴν συμμαχίαν ψηφιζομένων, τῶν δὲ τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις, ὀψὲ δ' ουν ποτε τὴν βοήθειαν αὐτοῖς ἐψηφίσαντο. καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν Κόρινθον συνεστράτευσαν, καὶ τοῦ μὲν τείχους κατήρειψάν τινα, πονήσαντες δ' ἐπεκδρομαῖς ἀπανέστησαν. Ειτα δείσας ὁ Φίλιππος μὴ πολλαὶ πόλεις ἁλῶσιν, ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης πρὸς τὸν υπατον ἐπεκηρυκεύσατο. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐδέξατο τοὺς λόγους αὐτοῦ, καὶ συνῆλθον αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ σύμμαχοι, ἐπράχθη δ' οὐδὲν η οτι πρέσβεις εἰς ̔Ρώμην πέμψαι τῷ Φιλίππῳ ἐπετράπη. καὶ οὐδὲ ἐκεῖ τι ἐγένετο· τῶν γὰρ ̔Ελλήνων ἀποστῆναι αὐτὸν ἀξιούντων τῆς Κορίνθου καὶ τῆς Χαλκίδος τῆς τε ∆ημητριάδος τῆς Θεσσαλικῆς, οὐδὲν περὶ τούτων οἱ τοῦ Φιλίππου πρέσβεις ἐντετάλθαι εφασαν, καὶ απρακτοι ἀπηλλάγησαν. Οἱ δ' ἐν τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ τῷ Φλαμινίῳ τὴν ἐν τῇ ̔Ελλάδι ἡγεμονίαν καὶ εἰς τὸ ἐπιὸν ψηφισάμενοι ετος, αὐτῷ ἀνέθεντο καὶ τὰ κατὰ Φίλιππον. ὁ δέ, οτι κατὰ χώραν εμελλε μένειν, πρὸς πόλεμον ἡτοιμάζετο, καὶ μᾶλλον οτι καὶ Νάβις ὁ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τύραννος ἐσπείσατό οἱ, καίτοι φίλος ων τοῦ Φιλίππου 2.297 καὶ τὸ Αργος λαβὼν παρ' αὐτοῦ. ἀδυνατῶν γὰρ ὁ Μακεδὼν πολλὰ διέπειν ὁμοῦ, καὶ δείσας μὴ τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις ἡ πόλις ληφθῇ, τῷ Νάβιδι αὐτήν, ιν' αυθις ἀποδοίη, παρακατέθετο. Αἰλίου δὲ Πέτου τοῦ ὑπάτου στρατεύσαντος ἐπὶ τοὺς Γαλάτας, πολλοὶ ἀπ' ἀμφοτέρων ἀπώλλυντο προσμιγνύντες ἀλλήλοις, καίριον δέ τι ἐπράχθη οὐδέν. οἱ δ' ομηροι τῶν Καρχηδονίων οι τε δοῦλοι οἱ μετ' αὐτῶν καὶ οι τισι πεπραμένοι αἰχμάλωτοι, κατασχεῖν τὰς πόλεις ἐν αις εκαστοι τὰς διατριβὰς ἐποιοῦντο τολμήσαντες, καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν ἐπιχωρίων φονεύσαντες, καθῃρέθησαν ὑπὸ Κορνηλίου Λεντούλου στρατηγοῦ πρὶν μεῖζόν τι ἐξεργάσασθαι. οἱ μέντοι Γαλάται εὐτυχίαις τε ἐπαιρόμενοι καὶ τοὺς ̔Ρωμαίους ἐν παρέργῳ σφίσι πολεμοῦντας αἰσθόμενοι παρεσκευάσαντο ὡς καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἐλάσοντες. δείσαντες ουν οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι αμφω τοὺς ὑπάτους Κορνήλιον Κέθηγον καὶ Μινούκιον ̔Ροῦφον ἐπὶ τοὺς Γαλάτας επεμψαν· οι διαιρεθέντες αλλος αλλην ἐπόρθουν χώραν. πρὸς ουν τοὺς ὑπάτους καὶ οἱ πολέμιοι διῃρέθησαν, καὶ οἱ μὲν τῷ Κεθήγῳ μετὰ τοῦ ̓Αμίλκου συμβαλόντες ἡττήθησαν, οἱ λοιποὶ δὲ τοῦτο γνόντες ἀπεδειλίασαν καὶ οὐκέτι τῷ ̔Ρούφῳ συνέβαλον, ἀλλ' ἀδεῶς ἐκεῖνος τὴν χώραν κατέτρεχε. καὶ οἱ μὲν τῷ Κεθήγῳ