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a tribute of the European. For once, having set up Brennus as their king, they overran both Greece and Thrace, and from there crossing over into Bithynia, they cut off for themselves certain parts of Phrygia and Paphlagonia and of Mysia near Olympus and of Cappadocia and settled in them, and now they are a distinct nation, bearing the name of Galatians. These people indeed gave Mallius trouble. But he prevailed over these too, capturing the city of Ancyra by assault, and subduing the others by capitulation. 2.311 Having done these things and having received a considerable sum of silver from Ariarathes, king of the Cappadocians, in return for peace, he departed for home. But the Aetolians, after sending envoys a second time to Rome for peace, themselves started a new revolt. Therefore the Romans immediately sent the envoys away and assigned Greece to Marcus Fulvius. He first set out against the city of Ambracia, which was a great one—for it had once been the royal seat of Pyrrhus, but was then held by the Aetolians—and besieged it. The Aetolians therefore conferred with him about peace; but when he was unwilling to make a truce, they sent a part of their army into Ambracia. The Romans attempted to take the city by means of a mine, and were digging from a distance. For a while they escaped the notice of the besieged, but when the heap of earth grew, they suspected what was being done. But not knowing where the digging was, they would place a bronze shield against the very ground along the circuit wall; and by means of the sound, recognizing the spot, they themselves began to counter-mine from within, and approaching the Romans, they engaged in secret battles. Finally they devised the following counter-measure. Filling a large jar with feathers, they put fire in it, and placed on it a bronze lid perforated in many places, and bringing the jar into the mine and turning its mouth toward the enemy, they inserted a nozzle at its bottom, and by applying bellows to this they caused a great and noxious smoke, such as comes from feathers, to pour out, which none of the Romans could endure. Therefore the Romans, in despair, made a truce and raised the 2.312 siege. When they came to an agreement, the Aetolians also changed their minds; and they negotiated an armistice, and then also peace from the people, giving much money and many hostages. And Fulvius subdued Cephallenia by capitulation and settled the Peloponnesus, which was in a state of faction. Afterwards, when Gaius Flaminius and Aemilius Lepidus were consuls, Antiochus died, and his son Seleucus succeeded him; and when he also died, much later, the Antiochus who was a hostage in Rome became king. Philip, for his part, dared to start a revolt because he had been deprived of certain cities in Thessaly and, besides these, of Aenus and Maroneia, but he was unable to do so on account of his old age and on account of the things that had happened to him concerning his sons. And some Galatians, having crossed the Alps, wished to found a city within them. From them Marcus Marcellus took away their arms and all else that they were carrying; but the authorities in Rome returned everything to their envoys on the condition that they withdraw immediately. At that time Hannibal also died. For when envoys were sent from Rome to Prusias, the ruler of Bithynia, for certain other reasons and also that he should give up Hannibal, who was with him, he learned of this beforehand and, being unable to escape, killed himself. And an oracle had once been given to him that he would die in Libyssan land, and he expected to die in his native Libya, but it chanced that he died in a certain place that happened to be called Libyssa. And Scipio Africanus also passed away at that time. 2.313 And Philip, king of the Macedonians, died after killing his son Demetrius and being on the point of murdering his other son, Perseus. For since Demetrius had become dear to the Romans from his time as a hostage, both he and the rest of the Macedonians hoped that he would receive the kingdom after Philip, Perseus, being his elder, envied him, and slandered him as plotting against his father. And the one, forced to drink poison, died, but the other

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τοῦ Εὐρωπαίου ἀποδάσμιον. Βρέννον γάρ ποτε βασιλέα σφῶν προστησάμενοι τήν τε ̔Ελλάδα καὶ τὴν Θρᾴκην ἐπέδραμον, κἀκεῖθεν εἰς τὴν Βιθυνίαν διαβάντες μέρη τινὰ τῆς τε Φρυγίας καὶ τῆς Παφλαγονίας τῆς τε Μυσίας τῆς πρὸς τῷ ̓Ολύμπῳ καὶ Καππαδοκίας ἀπετέμοντο καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς κατῴκησαν, καὶ νῦν εθνος ιδιόν εἰσι τὸ ονομα τῶν Γαλατῶν φέροντες. ουτοι δὴ πράγματα τῷ Μαλλίῳ παρέσχον. ἀλλὰ καὶ τούτων ἐκράτησε, τὴν μὲν Αγκυραν τὴν πόλιν ἑλὼν ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς, τὰς δ' αλλας ὁμολογίᾳ παραστη2.311 σάμενος. πράξας δὲ ταῦτα καὶ συχνὸν παρὰ ̓Αριαράθους τοῦ Καππαδοκῶν βασιλέως ἀργύριον ἐπὶ εἰρήνῃ λαβὼν ἀπῆρεν οικαδε. Οἱ δ' Αἰτωλοὶ πρέσβεις τὸ δεύτερον ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης ἐς τὴν ̔Ρώμην πέμψαντες αὐτοὶ αυθις ἐνεωτέριζον. διὸ οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι τούς τε πρέσβεις εὐθὺς ἀπεπέμψαντο καὶ Μάρκῳ Φουλουίῳ τὴν ̔Ελλάδα ἀνέθεντο. ὁ δὲ ἐς ̓Αμβρακίαν τὴν πόλιν πρῶτον ωρμησε μεγάλην ουσαν, ην γάρ ποτε τοῦ Πύρρου βασίλειον, τότε δὲ κατείχετο πρὸς τῶν Αἰτωλῶν, καὶ ἐπολιόρκει αὐτήν· οἱ ουν Αἰτωλοὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης διειλέχθησαν· ὡς δ' οὐκ ἠθέλησε σπείσασθαι, μέρος τι τοῦ στρατοῦ ἐς τὴν ̓Αμβρακίαν εἰσέπεμψαν. οἱ δὲ ̔Ρωμαῖοι δι' ὑπονόμου τινὸς ἐπεχείρησαν τὴν πόλιν ἑλεῖν, καὶ διώρυσσον πόρρωθεν· καὶ τέως μὲν ἐλάνθανον τοὺς πολιορκουμένους, ἐπεὶ δ' ὁ χοῦς ἠθροίσθη, ὑπετόπησαν τὸ γινόμενον. ἀγνοοῦντες δ' οπῃ ὀρύσσοιτο, χαλκῆν ἀσπίδα κατὰ τὸν περίβολον πρὸς αὐτὸ ἐτίθουν τὸ δάπεδον· καὶ διὰ τῆς ἠχῆς τὸν τόπον γνόντες καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀντώρυσσον ενδοθεν, καὶ πελάσαντες τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις ῃεσαν εἰς μάχας κρυπτάς. τέλος δέ τι τοιοῦτον ἀντετεχνήσαντο. πίθον μέγαν πτίλων πληρώσαντες πῦρ ἐς αὐτὸν ἐνῆκαν, καὶ πῶμα χαλκοῦν αὐτῷ πολλαχῇ τετρημένον ἐνέθηκαν, καὶ εἰς τὸν ὑπόνομον τὸν πίθον κομίσαντες καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους τρέψαντες τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ ἀκροφύσιόν οἱ κατὰ τὸν πυθμένα ἐνέβαλον, καὶ τούτῳ φύσας προσφέροντες πλεῖστον καὶ δυσχερῆ καπνὸν οια ἐκ πτίλων ἐκθορεῖν ἐποίουν, ον οὐδεὶς τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων ὑπέμενεν. οθεν ἀπογνόντες οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι ἐσπείσαντο καὶ τὴν πο2.312 λιορκίαν κατέλυσαν. ὁμολογησάντων δ' αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ Αἰτωλοὶ μετεβάλοντο· καὶ διεπράξαντο ἀνοχήν, ειτα καὶ εἰρήνην παρὰ τοῦ δήμου, πολλὰ μὲν χρήματα, πολλοὺς δὲ καὶ ὁμήρους δόντες. καὶ ὁ Φουλούιος τὴν Κεφαλληνίαν ὁμολογίᾳ παρεστήσατο καὶ τὴν Πελοπόννησον στασιάζουσαν κατεστήσατο. Γαΐου δὲ Φλαμινίου καὶ Αἰμιλίου Λεπίδου ὑπατευόντων μετέπειτα ὁ ̓Αντίοχος εθανε, καὶ αὐτὸν ὁ υἱὸς ὁ Σέλευκος διεδέξατο· τελευτήσαντος δὲ κἀκείνου πολλῷ υστερον ὁ εἰς τὴν ̔Ρώμην ὁμηρεύων ̓Αντίοχος ἐβασίλευσεν. ὁ δέ γε Φίλιππος ἐτόλμησε μὲν νεωτερίσαι οτι πόλεών τινων ἐστερήθη ἐν Θεσσαλίᾳ καὶ πρὸς ταῖσδε καὶ Αινου καὶ Μαρωνείας, οὐκ ἠδυνήθη δὲ διὰ τὸ γῆρας καὶ διὰ τὰ περὶ τοὺς παῖδας συνενεχθέντα αὐτῷ. καὶ Γαλάται τινὲς τὰς Αλπεις ὑπερβάντες πόλιν ἐντὸς αὐτῶν κτίσαι ἠθέλησαν. ων ὁ Μάρκος ὁ Μάρκελλος τά τε οπλα ἀφείλετο καὶ ταλλα οσα ἐπεκομίζοντο· οἱ δ' ἐν τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ πρεσβευσαμένοις σφίσιν ἐπὶ τῷ εὐθὺς ἀναχωρῆσαι πάντα ἀπέδωκαν. Τότε δὲ καὶ ὁ ̓Αννίβας ἀπέθανε. πρέσβεων γὰρ πρὸς τὸν Προυσίαν τὸν τῆς Βιθυνίας κρατοῦντα πεμφθέντων ἐκ ̔Ρώμης δι' αλλα τέ τινα καὶ οπως καὶ τὸν ̓Αννίβαν ἐκδοίη παρ' αὐτῷ οντα, προμαθὼν τοῦτ' ἐκεῖνος καὶ διαδρᾶναι μὴ οιός τε ων ἑαυτὸν διεχρήσατο. χρησμοῦ δέ ποτε αὐτῷ γενομένου ἐν γῇ Λιβύσσῃ τεθνήξεσθαι, ὁ μὲν ἐν τῇ πατρίδι τῇ Λιβύῃ προσεδόκα θανεῖν, ετυχε δὲ θνήσκων ἐν χωρίῳ τινὶ τυγχάνων καλουμένῳ Λιβύσσῃ. καὶ ὁ ̓Αφρικανὸς δὲ Σκιπίων τότε μετήλλαξε. 2.313 Φίλιππος δὲ ὁ Μακεδόνων βασιλεύς, τὸν υἱὸν ∆ημήτριον ἀποκτείνας καὶ τὸν ετερον υἱὸν τὸν Περσέα μελλήσας φονεύσειν, ἀπέθανεν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ προσφιλὴς τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις ἐκ τῆς ὁμηρείας ἐγένετο ὁ ∆ημήτριος, καὶ αὐτός τε καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν Μακεδόνων ηλπιζον οτι μετὰ τὸν Φίλιππον τὴν βασιλείαν λήψεται, ἐφθόνησεν αὐτῷ ὁ Περσεύς, ατε καὶ πρεσβύτερος αὐτοῦ ων, καὶ διέβαλεν αὐτὸν ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντα τῷ πατρί. καὶ ὁ μὲν φάρμακον πιεῖν ἀναγκασθεὶς ἐτελεύτησεν, ὁ δὲ