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the affairs were administered in Rome, let no one blame me for having passed these things by either through contempt or carelessness or laziness and having left the composition, as it were, incomplete. For the missing parts have not been overlooked by me out of laziness, nor have I willingly left the work half-finished, but from a lack of books which detail them, and this though I often sought these, but did not find them; I do not know whether it is because they have not been preserved, time having destroyed them, or because those to whom I entrusted the search perhaps did not make it very carefully, as I myself was in exile and living on a small island far from the city. Since, at any rate, it was not now possible for me to find these books, for this reason the history has been left half-done as far as the deeds of the consuls, but also of the dictators. Passing them over, therefore, though unwillingly, I will write of the emperors, after having first related a few things, so that it may be clear to those who will read the composition from what point the Romans passed from an aristocracy or a democracy to a monarchy, and at the same time the writing may have a sequence. 2.340 SECOND BOOK OF JOHN ZONARAS. EPITOME OF HISTORIES COLLECTED AND WRITTEN BY THE MONK JOHN ZONARAS. THE FIRST BOOK CONTAINS THE HEBREW AFFAIRS AND THOSE OF ROME AND OF THE CONSULSHIPS, BUT THIS ONE THE HISTORIES CONCERNING THE EMPERORS. From the beginning, then, as has been related by me in the former book, the rule of the Romans was given over to kings until the tyranny and overthrow of the Tarquins, and from that time the administration of common affairs was entrusted to generals and dictators and consuls and tribunes, and indeed also to tribunes of the plebs, and by such forms of government Roman affairs were directed until Pompey the Great and Gaius Julius Caesar. Pompey was the son of Strabo, one of the distinguished Romans and deemed worthy of a generalship, and he was opposed to Cinna, who was exercising his power rather tyrannically. For Roman affairs were already in a sick state, and their rulers were leaning toward tyranny, and did not wish to rule lawfully. His father Strabo, then, was hated by the Romans on account of his avarice, but Pompey was beloved both for the trustworthiness of his character and his affability and 2.341 his moderation in his way of life and his training in arms. And so great was the affection for him that when he, fearing Cinna because of a slander, had secretly slipped out of the camp, and since he was not to be seen, a rumor having spread that he had been done away with by Cinna, those who hated him anyway rushed against him, and Cinna was killed as he was fleeing, having been caught by one of the centurions. Thus, when Cinna had been destroyed, Carbo succeeded to power, a more frantic tyrant than he. When Sulla was opposing Carbo, Pompey also joined him; however, he did not approach him before he had performed some favor for him. He was then twenty-three years old, and having enrolled an army he went around the cities, driving out of them those who sided with Carbo, and going to Sulla. And as he was departing, three generals who were attached to Carbo surrounded him. But having routed them, he received the cities that came over to him. Then again, when Scipio the consul came against him, Scipio's army, having greeted Pompey's men, flocked to him, and Scipio fled. And when Carbo sent many squadrons of cavalry against him, he routed these too, so that out of despair for their safety they surrendered themselves to him. And Sulla received him in such a way as to leap down from his horse and, having been addressed as imperator by Pompey, to address Pompey as imperator in return. And the other things were in accord with these first courtesies; for he would rise from his seat when Pompey approached and do other things in his honor which he was not seen to do readily for others. But when 2.342 Sulla became master of Italy and was proclaimed dictator, he rewarded the other leaders and generals by enriching them and appointing them to offices, but he hastened to attach Pompey to himself by kinship; and he persuades him the wife whom he had

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̔Ρώμῃ διῳκεῖτο τὰ πράγματα, μή μέ τις αἰτιῷτο ὡς η καταφρονήσει η ῥᾳθυμίᾳ η οκνῳ ταῦτα παρελθόντα καὶ ἀτελὲς οιον εἰακότα τὸ σύγγραμμα. οὐ γὰρ ῥᾳστώνῃ μοι τὰ λείποντα παρεώραται, οὐδ' ἡμιτελὲς ἑκὼν τὸ πόνημα καταλέλοιπα, ἀλλ' ἀπορίᾳ βίβλων αιπερ αὐτὰ διεξίασι, καὶ ταῦτα πολλάκις ζητήσαντί μοι ταύτας, μὴ εὑρηκότι δ' ομως, οὐκ οιδα ειθ' οτι μὴ σώζοιντο, τοῦ χρόνου διεφθαρκότος αὐτάς, ειθ' οτι μὴ φροντιστικώτερον τὴν τούτων ισως ζήτησιν ἐποιήσαντο οις αὐτὴν ἀνεθέμην, αὐτὸς ὑπερόριος ων καὶ πόρρω τοῦ αστεος ἐν νησιδίῳ ἐνδιαιτώμενος. οτι γοῦν μοι ταῖς βίβλοις ταύταις νῦν οὐκ ἐξεγένετο ἐντυχεῖν, ἡμίεργος ἐντεῦθεν οσον ἐπὶ τοῖς τῶν ὑπάτων εργοις, ἀλλὰ μέντοι καὶ τοῖς τῶν δικτατώρων ἡ ἱστορία γεγένηται. παρελθὼν ουν αὐτὰ καὶ ακων, τὰ τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων συγγράψομαι, μικρά τινα προδιηγησάμενος, ιν' οθεν εἰς αὐταρχίαν ἐξ ἀριστοκρατίας η καὶ δημοκρατίας οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι μετηνέχθησαν δῆλον ειη τοῖς ἀναγνωσομένοις τὸ σύγγραμμα, αμα τε πρὸς τούτῳ καὶ ἀκολουθίας εχοιτο ἡ γραφή. 2.340 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ ∆ΕΥΤΕΡΑ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΖΩΝΑΡΑ. ΕΠΙΤΟΜΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΩΝ ΣΥΛΛΕΓΕΙΣΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΦΕΙΣΑ ΠΑΡΑ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΜΟΝΑΧΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΖΩΝΑΡΑ. Η ΜΕΝ ΠΡΟΤΕΡΑ ΒΙΒΛΟΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΕΙ ΤΑ ΕΒΡΑΙΚΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΤΗΣ ΡΩΜΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΥΠΑΤΕΙΩΝ, ΑΥΤΗ ∆Ε ΤΑΣ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΩΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ. ̓Εξ ἀρχῆς μὲν ουν, ὡς ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ βίβλῳ μοι προϊστόρηται, βασιλεῦσιν ἡ τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων ἀνεῖτο ἀρχὴ μέχρι τῆς τῶν Ταρκυνίων τυραννίδος καὶ καταλύσεως, εκτοτε δὲ στρατηγοῖς καὶ δικτάτωρσιν ὑπάτοις τε καὶ χιλιάρχοις, ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ δημάρχοις ἡ τῶν κοινῶν διοίκησις ἀνετίθετο, καὶ τοιαύταις πολιτείαις τὰ ̔Ρωμαίων ἰθύνετο μέχρι Πομπηίου Μάγνου καὶ Γαΐου ̓Ιουλίου τοῦ Καίσαρος. υἱὸς δὲ ην ὁ Πομπήιος Στράβωνος, ἑνὸς τῶν ἐπισήμων ̔Ρωμαίων καὶ στρατηγίας ἠξιωμένου, τῷ Κίννᾳ τε ἀντιτεταγμένου τυραννικώτερον τῇ ἀρχῇ χρωμένῳ. ηδη γὰρ ἐνόσει ̔Ρωμαίοις τὰ πράγματα, καὶ ἐπὶ τυραννίδα οἱ σφῶν ἀπέκλινον αρχοντες, ἀλλ' οὐ νομίμως αρχειν ἐβούλοντο. ὁ μὲν ουν πατὴρ αὐτοῦ Στράβων διὰ φιλοχρηματίαν ὑπὸ ̔Ρωμαίων μεμίσητο, ὁ δὲ Πομπήιος ἐφιλεῖτο διά τε πίστιν ηθους καὶ τὸ εὐέντευκτον καὶ 2.341 τὸ σῶφρον τὸ περὶ δίαιταν καὶ τὴν ἐν οπλοις ασκησιν. καὶ τοσοῦτον ην τὸ πρὸς αὐτὸν φίλτρον ὡς δείσαντος αὐτοῦ τὸν Κίνναν ἐκ διαβολῆς καὶ τοῦ στρατοπέδου λάθρᾳ διεκπεσόντος, ἐπεί τε μὴ ην ἐμφανὴς λόγου διαδοθέντος οτι ἀνῄρηται παρὰ Κίννα, ωρμησαν κατ' αὐτοῦ οἱ μισοῦντες καὶ αλλως αὐτόν, καὶ ἀνῃρέθη Κίννας φεύγων καταληφθεὶς ὑπό του τῶν λοχαγῶν. Ουτω δὲ Κίννα φθαρέντος Κάρβων τὰ πράγματα διεδέξατο, ἐμπληκτότερος ἐκείνου τύραννος. τοῦ Σύλλα δ' ἀντικαθισταμένου τῷ Κάρβωνι, τούτῳ προσετέθη καὶ ὁ Πομπήιος· οὐ πρότερον μέντοι προσῆλθε πρὶν αν τινος χάριτος πρὸς ἐκεῖνον κατήρξατο. ην μὲν ουν τότε εικοσι καὶ τρία γεγονὼς ετη, καὶ στρατιωτικὸν καταλέξας περιῄει τὰς πόλεις, τοὺς τὰ Κάρβωνος φρονοῦντας ἐξελαύνων αὐτῶν, καὶ πρὸς Σύλλαν ἀπιών. ἐν δὲ τῷ ἀπιέναι τρεῖς αὐτὸν στρατηγοὶ τῶν προσκειμένων τῷ Κάρβωνι ἐκυκλώσαντο. ὁ δὲ τούτους τρεψάμενος τὰς πόλεις αὐτῷ προσχωρούσας ἐδέχετο. ειτ' αυθις Σκιπίωνος τοῦ ὑπάτου ἐπιόντος αὐτῷ τὸ Σκιπίωνος στρατιωτικὸν ἀσπασάμενον τοὺς τοῦ Πομπηίου αὐτῷ προσερρύησαν, ὁ δὲ Σκιπίων εφυγε. καὶ Κάρβωνος δὲ ἱππέων ιλας συχνὰς πέμψαντος κατ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ ταύτας ἐτρέψατο, ὡς δι' ἀπόγνωσιν σωτηρίας ἑαυτοὺς αὐτῷ ἐγχειρίσαι. ουτω δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ Σύλλας ἐδέξατο ὡς ἀποπηδῆσαι τοῦ ιππου καὶ προσαγορευθεὶς αὐτοκράτωρ ὑπὸ Πομπηίου καὶ αὐτὸς ἀντιπροσερεῖν αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Πομπήιον. καὶ ταλλα δὲ ταῖς πρώταις φιλοφροσύναις συνέβαινεν· ὑπεξανίστατο γὰρ προσιόντι τῷ Πομπηίῳ καὶ αλλα πρὸς τιμὴν ἐκείνου ἐποίει α πρὸς αλλους οὐκ ωπτο ῥᾳδίως ποιῶν. ἐπεὶ δ' 2.342 ἐκράτησε τῆς ̓Ιταλίας ὁ Σύλλας καὶ δικτάτωρ ἀνηγορεύθη, τοὺς μὲν αλλους ἡγεμόνας καὶ στρατηγοὺς ἠμείβετο πλουτίζων καὶ ἐπ' ἀρχὰς καθιστῶν, Πομπήιον δὲ οἰκειώσασθαι εσπευσεν ἑαυτῷ· καὶ πείθει αὐτὸν τὴν γαμετὴν ην ειχεν