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he satisfied, and jointly ratified the laws for the people, and to Caesar he added Cisalpine and all of Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum with four legions for a period of five years. 2.355 When those from the senate who spoke against these things were treated with insolence, very few came together in the senate during Caesar's consulship. When one of the very old men said that they did not assemble for fear of the arms and the soldiers, "Why then," said Caesar, "do you not also stay at home, fearing these things?" And he said, "Because old age makes me not afraid; for very short is the life which yet remains for me." And fighting the Celtic wars, he conquered and subjugated the Helvetii and the Tigurini, and when he was about to engage with the Germans, seeing his commanders losing courage, and especially all those who were distinguished and young, he ordered them to go away and not to face danger against their will, being so unmanly and effeminate, but he himself said that he would take the tenth legion and march against the barbarians, since he was not about to fight enemies stronger than the Cimbri nor was he himself a worse general than Marius. After this, all, filled with impulse and zeal, followed, and fighting splendidly, they routed the enemy, so that there were eighty thousand dead. And their king, Ariovistus, escaping with a few men, crossed the Rhine. Having accomplished these things, he went down to Gaul about the Po, where, while spending time, he played the demagogue, as many from Rome came to him, winning over the citizens with the money from the enemies. And from there, having attacked other nations and having conquered them gloriously, he returned again to winter in the regions around the Po, making those around Rome favorable to himself with money, which he supplied to those seeking offices for themselves, and by these men he caused the people to be corrupted and to vote for the offices for those giving the money. 2.356 And they did everything that was likely to increase his power. Then, having also conquered other Celtic nations and having bridged the Rhine, he crossed it with his army. And having departed from there, he learned of the death of his daughter, who was married to Pompey, and that she had died in childbirth, and that after a short time the child born also followed its mother. Therefore, both Caesar and Pompey were in mourning over the misfortune, and the friends of both took the suffering hard, as the bond of their relationship had been dissolved. And now Caesar, having become great and having enhanced his own glory from his achievements, established himself as a rival to Pompey. And with Crassus having perished among the Parthians, who had been left as a check on both him and Pompey, he planned to destroy Pompey, and Pompey in turn, Caesar. And with the state being sick, and those seeking offices buying them, and the populace using not votes but arms on behalf of those who had given them money, and the city, like a ship without a pilot, being badly managed, it seemed desirable to the more sensible that out of such a great surge the Roman state should arrive at a monarchy and not something worse, since otherwise their affairs would be incurable; and that it was necessary to endure the gentlest of physicians treating this malady, indicating, of course, Pompey. And he, however, although he pretended in word to decline the office, yet by what he did he was eager to be declared dictator. Therefore, so that he might not be forced to be voted dictator, the senate proposed him as sole consul, by this soothing his desire for monarchy. 2.357 After this, Caesar, sending messengers, also announced his candidacy for the consulship. But when others opposed it, Pompey was silent. But when Caesar persuaded many with money to support his cause, Pompey, fearing the conspiracy, openly, through himself and his friends, worked to have Caesar removed from his command by decree; of which that man took no notice at all. And Caesar demanded that both he and Pompey at the same time lay down their arms and both become private citizens; but if they took away his command, and confirmed it for the other, they were making the one a tyrant. And it is said that one of the tribunes sent from Caesar, having learned not

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ἐνέπλησε, καὶ τούς τε νόμους τῷ δήμῳ συνεπεκύρου, καὶ Καίσαρι τὴν ἐντὸς Αλπεων καὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς απασαν Κελτικὴν καὶ τὸ ̓Ιλλυρικὸν μετὰ ταγμάτων τεσσάρων εἰς πενταετίαν προσέθετο. 2.355 τῶν δ' ἀντειπόντων ἐκ τῆς βουλῆς πρὸς ταῦτα περιυβρισθέντων, ὀλίγοι παντάπασιν ὑπατεύοντι τῷ Καίσαρι συνῄεσαν εἰς βουλήν. εἰπόντος δέ τινος τῶν σφόδρα γερόντων ὡς φόβῳ τῶν οπλων καὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν οὐ συνέρχονται, "τί ουν" εφη ὁ Καῖσαρ "οὐ καὶ σὺ ταῦτα δεδιὼς οἰκουρεῖς;" ὁ δὲ "οτι με ποιεῖ μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὸ γῆρας" ειπε· "βράχιστος γὰρ ὁ βίος ος ετι μοι λείπεται." Τοὺς δὲ Κελτικοὺς πολέμους μαχόμενος ̔Ελβητίους μὲν καὶ Τιγυρηνοὺς κατεπολέμησε καὶ ὑπέταξε, Γερμανοῖς δὲ συμμίξαι μέλλων, ὁρῶν τοὺς ἡγεμόνας ἀποδειλιῶντας, καὶ μάλιστα οσοι τῶν ἐπιφανῶν ησαν καὶ νέων, ἐκέλευσεν ἀπιέναι καὶ μὴ κινδυνεύειν παρὰ γνώμην ουτως ἀνάνδρως καὶ μαλακῶς εχοντας, αὐτὸς δὲ εφη τὸ δέκατον τάγμα παραλαβὼν ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους πορεύεσθαι, μήτε κρείττοσι μέλλων Κίμβρων μάχεσθαι πολεμίοις μήτε αὐτὸς Μαρίου χείρων ων στρατηγός. ἐκ τούτου ὁρμῆς καὶ προθυμίας γενόμενοι πλήρεις απαντες ἠκολούθουν, καὶ μαχεσάμενοι λαμπρῶς τοὺς ἐναντίους ἐτρέψαντο, ωστε νεκρῶν μυριάδας ὀκτὼ γενέσθαι. ὁ δὲ τούτων βασιλεὺς ̓Αριόυστος φθάσας μετ' ὀλίγων διεπέρασε τὸν ̔Ρῆνον. Ταῦτα διαπραξάμενος εἰς τὴν περὶ Πάδον Γαλατίαν κατέβη, ενθα διατρίβων ἐδημαγώγει πολλῶν ἀπὸ ̔Ρώμης πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀφικνουμένων, τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν πολεμίων χρήμασι τοὺς πολίτας χειρούμενος. ἐκεῖθεν δὲ αλλοις εθνεσιν ἐπελθών, καὶ νικήσας περιφανῶς, αυθις ἐν τοῖς περὶ Πάδον χωρίοις διαχειμάσων ὑπέστρεψε, τοὺς περὶ τὴν ̔Ρώμην ευνους ἑαυτῷ τιθέμενος χρήμασιν, α τοῖς τὰς ἀρχὰς ἑαυτοῖς μνωμένοις χορηγῶν ἐκεῖνος τὸν δῆμον τούτοις διαφθείρειν ἐποίει καὶ τοῖς τὰ χρήματα διδοῦσι ψηφίζεσθαι τὰς ἀρχάς. 2.356 οἱ δὲ πᾶν ο τὴν ἐκείνου δύναμιν αυξειν εμελλεν επραττον. ειτα καὶ ετερα Κελτικὰ νικήσας εθνη καὶ τὸν ̔Ρῆνον γεφυρώσας στρατῷ διέβη. ἐκεῖθεν δ' ἐπαναζεύξας τὴν τῆς παιδὸς αὐτοῦ τελευτήν, η τῷ Πομπηίῳ συνῴκει μεμάθηκε, καὶ οτι τίκτουσα τέθνηκε, καὶ ὡς μετ' ὀλίγον καὶ τὸ τεχθὲν ἐπαπῆλθε τῇ μητρί. ὁ μὲν ουν Καῖσαρ καὶ ὁ Πομπήιος πένθος εσχον ἐπὶ τῇ συμφορᾷ, καὶ οἱ φίλοι δ' ἀμφοῖν βαρέως τὸ πάθος ηνεγκαν, ὡς τοῦ συνδέσμου λελυμένου τῆς αὐτῶν οἰκειότητος. Ηδη δὲ μέγας ὁ Καῖσαρ γενόμενος καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν δόξαν ἐπάρας ἐκ τῶν κατορθωμάτων, ἀνταγωνιστὴν Πομπηίῳ ἑαυτὸν κατεστήσατο. καὶ Κράσσου ἐν Πάρθοις ἀπολωλότος, ος εφεδρος αὐτῷ τε καὶ Πομπηίῳ ἐλέλειπτο, καταλύειν ἐμελέτα Πομπήιον, κἀκεῖνος αυθις τὸν Καίσαρα. τῆς δὲ πολιτείας νοσούσης, καὶ τῶν ἀρχὰς μετιόντων ὠνουμένων αὐτάς, τοῦ δὲ δήμου ὑπὲρ τῶν δεδωκότων οὐ ψήφοις χρωμένων, ἀλλ' οπλοις, καὶ τῆς πόλεως ὡς ἀκυβερνήτου κακῶς φερομένης, τοῖς νουνεχεστέροις ἀγαπητὸν ἐδόκει εἰ πρὸς μοναρχίαν ἐκ τοσούτου κλύδωνος καὶ μή τι χεῖρον περισταίη τὸ τῆς ̔Ρώμης πολίτευμα, ὡς αλλως ἀνήκεστα σφίσιν ειναι τὰ πράγματα· χρῆναι δὲ τοῦ πρᾳοτάτου τῶν ἰατρῶν ἀνασχέσθαι τὸ πάθος τουτὶ φαρμακεύοντος, ὑποδηλοῦντες δὴ τὸν Πομπήιον. κἀκεῖνος μέντοι, εἰ καὶ λόγῳ παραιτεῖσθαι τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπεκρίνετο, ἀλλ' οις ἐποίει εσπευδε δικτάτωρ ἀναδειχθήσεσθαι. ινα γοῦν μὴ βιάσαιτο ψηφισθῆναι δικτάτωρ, υπατον αὐτὸν μόνον ἡ γερουσία προυβάλετο, τῇ μοναρχίᾳ παρηγορουμένη τούτου τὴν εφεσιν. 2.357 ̓Εκ τούτου πέμπων ὁ Καῖσαρ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπὶ ὑπατείαν παρήγελλεν. ἐναντιουμένων δ' ἑτέρων ἐσιώπα Πομπήιος. ὡς δ' ὁ Καῖσαρ πολλοὺς τὰ αὐτοῦ φρονεῖν ἀνέπεισε χρήμασι, δείσας τὴν σύστασιν ὁ Πομπήιος ἀναφανδὸν δι' ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τῶν φίλων ἐπραγματεύετο παυθῆναι τὸν Καίσαρα τῆς ἀρχῆς ψηφιζόμενος· ων ἐκεῖνος οὐδ' ολως ἐφρόντιζεν. ἠξίου δὲ ὁ Καῖσαρ αὐτόν τε αμα καὶ τὸν Πομπήιον καταθεμένους τὰ οπλα ἰδιωτεῦσαι καὶ αμφω· εἰ δ' αὐτὸν μὲν ἀφαιροῦνται τὴν ἀρχήν, ἐκείνῳ δὲ βεβαιοῦσι, τὸν ετερον κατασκευάζουσι τύραννον. λέγεται δέ τινα τῶν παρὰ Καίσαρος σταλέντων ταξιαρχῶν, μαθόντα μὴ