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the senate to give Caesar more time for his command, "But this," he said, "will give it," striking the hilt of his sword with his hand. Then a motion was introduced, that if Caesar did not lay down his arms by a fixed day, the man should be considered an enemy. And when Antony and those acting for Caesar demanded that both Caesar and Pompey lay down their commands, all agreed with the motion. But when letters came from Caesar, in which he gave up the other things, but demanded that the province within the Alps and Illyricum be given to him with two legions, Pompey granted the other things, but took away the soldiers. But the consuls drove Antony and those with him out of the senate. And they, through fear, having disguised themselves in slaves' clothing, went out of Rome on hired carriages. This enraged the soldiers, seeing distinguished men and magistrates treated with outrage. But Caesar, having considered many calculations and been of various opinions, at last uttering that common phrase, "Let the die be cast," set out, and crossed the Rubicon river, 2.358 and seized Ariminum, a great city of Celtic Gaul. And it is said that on the night before the crossing he saw an unlawful dream; for it seemed to him that he was having unspeakable intercourse with his own mother. And when Ariminum was taken, Rome, as if filled with the tossing and surging of winds, was nearly overturned by itself. For both the consuls and most of the senators were fleeing, and astonishment seized Pompey himself, and different people from different places were troubling the man, blaming him for having aggrandized Caesar against himself and the state, and no one allowed him to use his own reasoning. Therefore he also left the city, ordering the senate to follow. And most followed, choosing exile as their fatherland on account of Pompey, and fleeing Rome as Caesar's camp. At which time also Labienus, a man counted among Caesar's friends and who had fought with him most zealously in wars, left him and came to Pompey. To whom, even after he had deserted him, Caesar sent out his money and his baggage. But Domitius, who was holding Corfinium, when Caesar came against him, despairing of his situation, drank a poison as if to die; then, learning that Caesar treated those who were captured with wondrous humanity, he lamented himself. But when his doctor said that the poison was a sleeping-draught and not deadly, he went to Caesar, and after taking his right hand, he immediately escaped to Pompey. These things, being reported in Rome, made the people happier, and some were returning. 2.359 And Caesar, having now become great, advanced against Pompey himself. But he, having fled to Brundisium, sailed away. And Caesar, lacking ships, returned to Rome, and became master of all Italy without bloodshed in sixty days. And finding the city settled, and many from the senate in it, he spoke moderately to them, asking them to send men to Pompey for terms of agreement. But no one was persuaded. And when the tribune Metellus tried to prevent him from taking money from the treasury, and brought forward laws, he said that it was not the same time for arms and for laws; "But you now, get out of the way; for war does not require free speech. When I lay down my arms, then you may play the demagogue. And these things," he said, "I say, yielding my own rights; for you are mine, and all whom I have captured of those who revolted against me." And when the keys did not appear, he ordered the doors to be broken down. And when Metellus again tried to prevent him, and some were praising him, he threatened to kill him if he did not stop, saying, "Young man, do you not know that it is harder for me to say it than to do it?" And he marched into Iberia, and having brought the forces and the provinces there under his control, he thus advanced against Pompey. And having been elected dictator by the senate, he both recalled exiles and took up other political measures. And in eleven days, having renounced the monarchy, and having designated himself and Servilius Isauricus as consuls, he held to the campaign. And crossing the Ionian Sea, he takes Oricum and Apollonia. And from Apollonia secretly from all

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διδόναι τὴν γερουσίαν τῆς ἀρχῆς χρόνον τῷ Καίσαρι, "ἀλλ' αυτη" φάναι "δώσει," κρούσαντα τῇ χειρὶ τὴν τοῦ ξίφους λαβήν. ειτα γνώμη εἰσήνεκτο, εἰ μὴ ἐν ὡρισμένῃ ἡμέρᾳ Καῖσαρ τὰ οπλα κατάθηται, ἡγεῖσθαι τὸν ανδρα πολέμιον. ̓Αντωνίου δὲ καὶ τῶν πραττόντων τὰ Καίσαρος ἀξιούντων καὶ Καίσαρα καὶ Πομπήιον τὰς ἀρχὰς ἀποθέσθαι, τῇ γνώμῃ πάντες συνέθεντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ παρὰ Καίσαρος ηκον ἐπιστολαὶ τῶν μὲν αλλων ἐξισταμένου, τὴν δ' ἐντὸς Αλπεων ἐπαρχίαν καὶ τὸ ̓Ιλλυρικὸν ἀξιοῦντος αὐτῷ δοθῆναι μετὰ δυεῖν ταγμάτων, ταλλα μὲν ἐδίδου Πομπήιος, τοὺς δέ γε στρατιώτας ἀφῄρει. οἱ δ' ὑπατεύοντες καὶ τῆς βουλῆς ἐξήλασαν τὸν ̓Αντώνιον καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ. οἱ δὲ διὰ φόβον ἐν δουλικαῖς ἐσθῆσι μετημφιεσμένοι ἐπὶ ζευγῶν μισθίων τῆς ̔Ρώμης ἐξῄεσαν. ο τοὺς στρατιώτας παρώξυνεν, ανδρας ἐλλογίμους καὶ αρχοντας περιυβρισμένους ὁρῶντας. Καῖσαρ δὲ πολλοὺς λογισμοὺς κινήσας καὶ διαφόρων γνωμῶν γεγονώς, τέλος τοῦτο δὴ τὸ κοινὸν ὑπειπὼν "ἐρρίφθω κύβος" ωρμησε, καὶ τὸν ποταμὸν ̔Ρουβίκον διέβη, 2.358 καὶ τὸ ̓Αρίμινον κατέσχε, μεγάλην πόλιν τῆς Κελτικῆς. λέγεται δὲ τῇ πρὸ τῆς διαβάσεως νυκτὶ οναρ ἰδεῖν εκθεσμον· ἐδόκει γὰρ αὐτὸς τῇ ἑαυτοῦ μητρὶ μίγνυσθαι τὴν αρρητον μίξιν. ̓Επεὶ δὲ τὸ ̓Αρίμινον κατελήφθη, ὡς ὑπὸ πνευμάτων ἡ ̔Ρώμη πιμπλαμένη σάλου καὶ κλύδωνος, μικροῦ αὐτὴ ὑφ' ἑαυτῆς ἀνετέτραπτο. οι τε γὰρ υπατοι καὶ οἱ πλείους τῶν βουλευτῶν εφευγον, καὶ αὐτὸν δὲ Πομπήιον εκπληξις ειχε, καὶ αλλος ἀλλαχόθεν τὸν ανδρα ἐτάραττον αἰτιώμενοι ὡς καθ' ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τῆς πολιτείας αὐξήσαντα Καίσαρα, καὶ οὐδεὶς εια αὐτὸν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρήσασθαι λογισμοῖς. διὸ καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐξέλιπεν, επεσθαι τὴν γερουσίαν κελεύσας. ειποντο δ' οἱ πλείους, τὴν μὲν φυγὴν ὡς πατρίδα αἱρούμενοι διὰ τὸν Πομπήιον, τὴν δὲ ̔Ρώμην ὡς Καίσαρος στρατόπεδον φεύγοντες. οτε καὶ Λαβιηνός, ἀνὴρ τοῖς φίλοις Καίσαρος ἀριθμούμενος καὶ συνηγωνισμένος ἐν πολέμοις αὐτῷ προθυμότατα, ἀφεὶς ἐκεῖνον ἀφίκετο πρὸς Πομπήιον. ῳ καὶ καταλιπόντι αὐτὸν ὁ Καῖσαρ τά τε χρήματα καὶ τὰς ἀποσκευὰς ἐξαπέστειλε. ∆ομίτιος δὲ κατέχων Κορφίνιον ἐπελθόντος αὐτῷ Καίσαρος ἀπογνοὺς τὰ καθ' ἑαυτὸν φάρμακον επιεν ὡς θανούμενος· ειτα θαυμαστῇ φιλανθρωπίᾳ μαθὼν πρὸς τοὺς ἁλισκομένους τὸν Καίσαρα χρώμενον, ἑαυτὸν ἐθρήνει. ὑπνωτικὸν δ' ειναι τὸ φάρμακον καὶ οὐ θανάσιμον εἰπόντος τοῦ ἰατροῦ, ἀπῄει πρὸς Καίσαρα, καὶ λαβὼν δεξιὰν αυθις διεξέπεσε πρὸς Πομπήιον. Ταῦτα εἰς τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἀπαγγελλόμενα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἡδίους ἐποίει, καί τινες ἐπανέστρεφον. 2.359 πολὺς δὲ γεγονὼς ὁ Καῖσαρ ηδη ἐπ' αὐτὸν ἐχώρει Πομπήιον. ὁ δὲ φυγὼν εἰς Βρεντέσιον ἐξέπλευσεν. ἀπορῶν δὲ νηῶν ὁ Καῖσαρ εἰς τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἀνέστρεψε, καὶ πάσης τῆς ̓Ιταλίας ἀναιμωτὶ κύριος γέγονεν ἡμέραις ἑξήκοντα. εὑρὼν δὲ καὶ τὴν πόλιν καθεστῶσαν, καὶ τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς βουλῆς συχνοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ, τούτοις ἐπιεικῆ διειλέχθη, ἀξιῶν αὐτοὺς πρὸς Πομπήιον ἀποστέλλειν ἐπὶ συμβάσεσιν. ἐπείσθη δ' οὐδείς. τοῦ δὲ δημάρχου Μετέλλου κωλύοντος αὐτὸν ἐκ τῶν ἀποθέτων χρημάτων λαμβάνειν, καὶ νόμους προσφέροντος, εφη μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν οπλων καὶ νόμων ειναι καιρόν· "σὺ δὲ νῦν μὲν ἐκποδὼν απιθι· παρρησίας γὰρ οὐ δεῖται πόλεμος. οταν δὲ τὰ οπλα κατάθωμαι, τότε δημαγωγήσεις. καὶ ταῦτα" εφη "λέγω τῶν ἑαυτοῦ δικαίων ὑφιέμενος· ἐμὸς γὰρ ει καὶ σὺ καὶ πάντες οσους τῶν πρὸς ἐμὲ στασιασάντων συνέλαβον." μὴ φαινομένων δὲ τῶν κλειδῶν ἐκκόπτειν ἐκέλευεν. αυθις δὲ τοῦ Μετέλλου κωλύοντος, καί τινων ἐπαινούντων, ἠπείλησεν ἀποκτενεῖν αὐτόν, εἰ μὴ παύσαιτο, εἰπών "μειράκιον, ἀγνοεῖς οτι δυσκολώτερόν ἐστί μοι εἰπεῖν η πρᾶξαι;" ̓Εστράτευσε δ' εἰς ̓Ιβηρίαν, καὶ τὰς ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις καὶ τὰς ἐπαρχίας ὑφ' ἑαυτὸν ποιησάμενος ουτως ἐπὶ Πομπήιον ηλαυνεν. αἱρεθεὶς δὲ δικτάτωρ ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς φυγάδας τε κατήγαγε καὶ αλλων ηψατο πολιτευμάτων. ἐν ἡμέραις δὲ ενδεκα τὴν μὲν μοναρχίαν ἀπειπάμενος, υπατον δὲ ἀναδείξας ἑαυτὸν καὶ Σερουίλιον ̓Ισαυρικόν, ειχετο τῆς στρατείας. καὶ διαβὰς τὸν ̓Ιόνιον Ωρικον καὶ ̓Απολλωνίαν αἱρεῖ. ἐξ ̓Απολλωνίας δὲ κρύφα πάντων