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they astonished those they met, and filled the city with lamentations. And while the city was in this state, the assassins, fearing someone might attack them, went through the forum with their swords bare and bloodied and ran up to the Capitol, and there they spent the day and the night. But Lepidus in the camp, having learned what had happened, took possession of it by night with his soldiers, and spoke publicly against the assassins. And Antony, when Caesar was killed, hid himself in fear; but learning that Lepidus had come 2.373 and that the murderers were in the Capitol, he took courage and came out, and assembling the senate he spoke to it, and introduced proposals regarding what had happened. But Cicero, addressing the people, persuaded everyone not to bear a grudge against one another, but if anything had been done amiss by anyone, to overlook it, so that civil war might not arise again and the destruction of citizens perishing at each other's hands, but to be of one mind, being of the same race and kinsmen. And he added that it was necessary to preserve also the things done by Caesar, whether they were in gifts or honors or offices, and not to meddle with or overturn any of these things. Therefore, being persuaded by him, they voted to bear no grudge against anyone. And the assassins, speaking to the soldiers from the Capitol, promised to nullify none of the things done by Caesar, nor to take away from anyone any of the things given to each; and so they came to a reconciliation. But those in the Capitol did not come down until they had received the son of Lepidus and the son of Antony as hostages. After this, when Caesar's will was read, the people learned that he had made Octavius his son, and that he had left gifts to the city and drachmas to each man—thirty, as Octavius writes, but as others say, seventy-five—and they were disturbed. And Antony, having displayed the bloodied corpse in the forum and having delivered a speech over the body, incited the multitude to anger. For he said many things to praise the man and to arouse the listeners to pity for his suffering, then having also enumerated the titles decreed to him, he added, "But this father, this high priest, the inviolable, the hero, the god is dead, alas, not constrained by sickness 2.374 nor wasted by old age, nor wounded somewhere outside in war, nor snatched away by some spontaneous divine act, but here inside the wall he was conspired against, he who campaigned safely even to Britain; in the city he was ambushed, he who extended its pomerium; in the senate house he was slaughtered, unarmed the good warrior, naked the peacemaker, before the law-courts the judge, before the magistrates the ruler, by citizens, he whom none of his enemies could kill even when he had fallen into the sea, by his companions whom he had often pitied. Where then for you, Caesar, is your philanthropy, where your inviolability, where the laws? But you enacted many laws so that no one might be murdered even by his enemies, but your friends killed you so wretchedly; and now you lie exposed in the forum, slaughtered, through which you often paraded crowned with a wreath; and on the rostra you are thrown down, covered in wounds, from which you often addressed the people. Alas for the bloodstained grey hairs; oh for the torn toga, which you received for this purpose alone, it seems, that you might be slaughtered in it." At this the people, enraged, sought out the assassins, and snatching up Caesar's body they burned it in the forum, and rushed to the houses of the murderers, and they tore apart Helvius Cinna the tribune, being mistaken by the similarity of name; for it was not this man who conspired against Caesar, but Cinna Cornelius the praetor. And the crowd raised an altar where they had burned Caesar's body, so that they might sacrifice on it to Caesar as to a god. But the consuls overturned it, and introduced a law that no one should ever again become dictator, setting death as the penalty if anyone should propose 2.375 this and if anyone should accept it. And Antony at that time, acting with much authority, accomplished many things, granting offices and land and freedom and immunity from taxes, and bringing back exiles, as if he were perhaps the successor to Caesar's power, and from these things he collected much money. But Gaius Octavius, who was Caepias

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συναντῶντας ἐξέπλησσον, καὶ θρήνων τὴν πόλιν ἐπλήρουν. καὶ ἡ μὲν πόλις ουτω διέκειτο, οἱ δὲ σφαγεῖς δεδιότες μή τις σφίσιν ἐπίθηται, γυμνοῖς καὶ ᾑμαγμένοις τοῖς ξίφεσι διὰ τῆς ἀγορᾶς διελθόντες ἀνέδραμον εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον, ἐκεῖ τε τὴν ἡμέραν καὶ τὴν νύκτα διήγαγον. ὁ δὲ Λέπιδος ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ μαθὼν τὰ γεγενημένα, νυκτὸς σὺν τοῖς στρατιώταις κατέλαβε, καὶ κατὰ τῶν σφαγέων ἐδημηγόρει. ̓Αντώνιος δὲ τοῦ Καίσαρος ἀναιρεθέντος φοβηθεὶς ἐκρύβη· τὸν δὲ Λέπιδον ἐλθόντα 2.373 μαθὼν καὶ τοὺς φονεῖς εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον οντας, θαρρήσας ἐξῆλθε, καὶ τὴν γερουσίαν ἀθροίσας ὡμίλει αὐτῇ, καὶ γνώμας εἰσῆγε πρὸς τὰ γενόμενα. ὁ δὲ Κικέρων δημηγορήσας επεισε πάντας μὴ μνησικακεῖν ἀλλήλοις, ἀλλὰ καν τισιν ἡμάρτηταί τι, παρόψεσθαι τοῦτο, ινα μὴ ἐμφύλιος καὶ αυθις γένηται πόλεμος καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν ολεθρος ὑπ' ἀλλήλων ὀλλυμένων, ὁμονοῆσαι δὲ ὁμοφύλους οντας καὶ συγγενεῖς. καὶ προσέθετο δεῖν καὶ τὰ παρὰ τοῦ Καίσαρος πραχθέντα, ειτε ἐν δωρεαῖς η τιμαῖς ειεν η ἐν ἀρχαῖς, φυλάξαι, καὶ μή τι τούτων πολυπραγμονῆσαι η ἀνατρέψαι. πεισθέντες ουν αὐτῷ μηδενὶ μνησικακεῖν ἐψηφίσαντο. καὶ οἱ σφαγεῖς δὲ τοῖς στρατιώταις ὁμιλοῦντες ἐκ τοῦ Καπιτωλίου μηδὲν τῶν τῷ Καίσαρι πραχθέντων ἀκυρῶσαι ὑπέσχοντο μήτ' ἀφαιρήσεσθαί τινα μηδὲν τῶν ἑκάστῳ δεδομένων· καὶ ουτως ἐς καταλλαγὰς ηκον. οὐ πρότερον δὲ οἱ ἐν τῷ Καπιτωλίῳ κατέβησαν η τόν τε τοῦ Λεπίδου παῖδα καὶ τὸν τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου ὁμήρους λαβεῖν. Μετὰ ταῦτα τῆς διαθήκης τοῦ Καίσαρος ἀναγνωσθείσης μαθὼν ὁ δῆμος οτι υἱὸν πεποίηται τὸν ̓Οκτάβιον, καὶ οτι τῇ τε πόλει δωρεὰς καὶ ἑκάστῳ δραχμάς, ὡς μὲν ̓Οκτάβιος γράφει, τριάκοντα, ὡς δ' ετεροι, πέντε καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα καταλέλοιπεν, ἐταράχθησαν. καὶ ὁ ̓Αντώνιος τὸν νεκρὸν εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν προθέμενος ᾑματωμένον καὶ λόγον ἐπὶ τῷ κειμένῳ εἰπὼν τὸ πλῆθος παρώξυνε πρὸς ὀργήν. ειπε γὰρ πολλὰ μὲν πρὸς επαινον τοῦ ἀνδρὸς καὶ πρὸς ελεον τοῦ πάθους τοὺς ἀκροατὰς ἐρεθίζοντα, ειτα καὶ τὰ ψηφισθέντα αὐτῷ καταλέξας ὀνόματα ἐπήγαγεν "ἀλλ' ουτος ὁ πατήρ, ουτος ὁ ἀρχιερεύς, ὁ ασυλος, ὁ ηρως, ὁ θεὸς τέθνηκεν, οιμοι, οὐ νόσῳ 2.374 βιασθεὶς οὐδὲ γήρᾳ μαρανθεὶς οὐδὲ εξω που ἐν πολέμῳ τρωθεὶς οὐδὲ ἐκ δαιμονίου τινὸς αὐτομάτως ἁρπαχθείς, ἀλλ' ἐνταῦθα τοῦ τείχους ἐντὸς ἐπιβουλευθεὶς ὁ καὶ εἰς Βρεττανίαν ἀσφαλῶς στρατεύσας, ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐνεδρευθεὶς ὁ τὸ πωμήριον αὐτῆς ἐπαυξήσας, ἐν τῷ βουλευτηρίῳ κατασφαγεὶς αοπλος ὁ εὐπόλεμος, γυμνὸς ὁ εἰρηνοποιός, πρὸς τοῖς δικαστηρίοις ὁ δικαστής, πρὸς ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ὁ αρχων, ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν ον μηδεὶς τῶν πολεμίων μηδ' εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐκπεσόντα κτεῖναι δεδύνητο, ὑπὸ τῶν ἑταίρων ὁ πολλάκις αὐτοὺς ἐλεήσας. ποῦ δῆτά σοι, Καῖσαρ, ἡ φιλανθρωπία, ποῦ δ' ἡ ἀσυλία, ποῦ δ' οἱ νόμοι; ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν οπως μηδ' ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν τις φονεύηται πολλὰ ἐνομοθέτησας, σὲ δὲ ουτως οἰκτρῶς ἀπέκτειναν οἱ φίλοι· καὶ νῦν ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ πρόκεισαι ἐσφαγμένος, δι' ης πολλάκις ἐπόμπευσας ἐστεφανωμένος· καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος ερριψαι κατατετρωμένος, ἀφ' ου πολλάκις ἐδημηγόρησας. οιμοι πολιῶν ᾑματωμένων· ω στολῆς ἐσπαραγμένης, ην ἐπὶ τούτῳ μόνον, ὡς εοικεν, ελαβες, ινα ἐν ταύτῃ σφαγῇς." ̓Επὶ τούτοις ὁ δῆμος ἐξοργισθεὶς τοὺς μὲν σφαγεῖς ἐζήτει, τὸ δὲ σῶμα τοῦ Καίσαρος ἁρπάσαντες ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ εκαυσαν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς τῶν φονέων οἰκίας ωρμησαν, καὶ Ελβιον Κίνναν δημαρχοῦντα διεχειρίσαντο, πλανηθέντες τῇ ὁμωνυμίᾳ· οὐ γὰρ ουτος τῷ Καίσαρι ἐπεβούλευσεν, ὁ στρατηγὸς δὲ Κίννας Κορνήλιος. βωμὸν δὲ ενθα κατέκαυσαν τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Καίσαρος ηγειρε τὸ πλῆθος, ιν' ἐπ' αὐτοῦ θύοιεν ὡς θεῷ τῷ Καίσαρι. οἱ δ' υπατοι αὐτὸν ἀνέτρεψαν, καὶ νόμον εἰσήνεγκαν μηδένα αυθις γενέσθαι δικτάτωρα, θάνατον θέντες τὸ ἐπιτίμιον, ει τις εἰσηγήσεται 2.375 τοῦτο καὶ ει τίς που δέξεται. ̓Αντώνιος δὲ τότε πολλὰ ἐναυθεντῶν διεπράξατο, ἀρχάς τε διδοὺς καὶ χώραν καὶ ἐλευθερίαν καὶ ἀτέλειαν, καὶ φυγάδας κατάγων, ὡς τῆς δυναστείας τοῦ Καίσαρος τάχα διάδοχος, καὶ πολλὰ ἐκ τούτων ἠργυρολόγησε χρήματα. ̓Οκτάβιος δὲ Γάιος, ος Καιπίας