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going about, saying he would avenge his father, giving some money, promising other, and with them he hurried to Rome before Antony returned, and having spoken to the people he received praise, and again he went abroad to gather a force. But the soldiers in Brundisium received Antony kindly; then when he treated them harshly, so as even to kill many of them, 2.378 they mutinied, and many went over to Caesar. Antony set out from Rome to Gaul, fearing that it might revolt; and Caesar followed. At that time Decimus Brutus was ruling Gaul, being one of the conspirators against Caesar; and he, out of hatred for Antony, did not yield to him. When Caesar learned this, he made Brutus his friend; for he did not yet see an opportunity to punish his father's murderers. But in Rome the senate was deliberating, being in an uproar because of the war. And many indeed proposed various opinions, but Cicero said that they should vote Antony an enemy, and that they should praise Caesar and Decimus Brutus for opposing him and for what they had done on their own initiative, and to send them aid and grant them authority for the future, and to send both consuls to the war and to fight him without delay or hesitation. When Cicero had given this advice, Quintus Calenus, opposing him, advised sending a message to all from the senate ordering them to lay down their arms equally and to place themselves and their soldiers at its disposal, and to praise those who obeyed, but if they disobeyed, to make war, and to entrust the war to the consuls. So he said these things, but Caesar's agents prevailed. And some men were sent from the senate to Antony, ordering him to relinquish his camps and Gaul and to depart for Macedonia, and ordering those campaigning with him to return home within a specified day, or to know that they would be counted in the lot of ene2.379 mies. But before learning Antony's decision, they entrusted the war against him to the consuls and to Caesar, giving him the authority of a general. When Antony learned these things, he reproached those who were sent to him, and sending others in reply, he shifted the blame for the war, through the proposals he made, back to those who had voted against him. But those in Rome again voted Antony an enemy, as well as those campaigning with him, if they did not abandon him, setting another day for them to do this. And he was besieging Decimus in Mutina, but accomplished nothing worthy of mention. Decimus at first defended himself strongly against Antony, but then was completely walled in. Therefore Caesar, fearing he might either be captured or surrender from lack of provisions, marched against Mutina along with Hirtius. But they were not able to cross the river near it because of the guard on it; and being eager to make their presence known to Decimus, they signaled by torches from the tallest trees. But when he did not understand, they made a very thin sheet of lead and wrote on it, and rolling this up like a letter, they gave it to a swimmer to carry across; and so Decimus, learning of their presence, wrote back to them in the same manner. Therefore Antony, seeing that Decimus was not giving in, left his brother Lucius with him, and he himself set out against Caesar and Hirtius. And at first the battles were evenly matched, but later Antony got the upper hand. And perceiving that Junius was approaching, he departed secretly by night against him, and having ambushed him, he both wounded him and killed most of the soldiers, 2.380 and he shut up the rest in their trenches; and he turned against Caesar and the others. And Hirtius, unexpectedly meeting him when he was exhausted from the march and the battle, defeated him soundly. But when the senate learned of Antony's defeat, they named Hirtius and Junius and Caesar imperators, although Junius had fared badly, and Caesar not even

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χωρῶν, τῷ πατρὶ τιμωρεῖν λέγων, χρήματα τὰ μὲν διδούς, τὰ δὲ ὑπισχνούμενος, καὶ σὺν αὐτοῖς εἰς τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἠπείχθη πρὶν ἐπανελθεῖν τὸν ̓Αντώνιον, καὶ τῷ δήμῳ ὁμιλήσας ἐπαίνων ετυχε, καὶ αυθις ἀπεδήμησε δύναμιν ἀθροίσων. ̓Αντώνιον δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται ἐν Βρεντεσίῳ φιλοφρόνως ἐδέξαντο· ειτα πικρῶς αὐτοῖς προσφερομένου, ὡς καὶ πολλοὺς αὐτῶν ἀποκτεῖναι, 2.378 ἐνεωτέρισαν, καὶ συχνοὶ μετέστησαν πρὸς τὸν Καίσαρα. ̓Αντώνιος δὲ ἐκ τῆς ̔Ρώμης εἰς τὴν Γαλατίαν ἐξώρμησε, φοβηθεὶς μὴ αὐτή τι νεοχμώσῃ· καὶ ὁ Καῖσαρ δ' ἐπηκολούθησεν. ηρχε δὲ τότε τῆς Γαλατίας ὁ Βροῦτος ὁ ∆έκιμος, εις ων τῶν συνομοσάντων κατὰ τοῦ Καίσαρος· καὶ ος μίσει τῷ πρὸς ̓Αντώνιον οὐχ ὑπεῖξεν αὐτῷ. τοῦτο μαθὼν ὁ Καῖσαρ τὸν Βροῦτον προσηταιρίσατο· ουπω γὰρ ἑώρα καιρὸν τοῦ τιμωρήσασθαι τοὺς φονεῖς τοῦ πατρός. ἐν δὲ τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ ἡ σύγκλητος ἐβουλεύετο θορυβουμένη διὰ τὸν πόλεμον. καὶ πολλοὶ μὲν γνώμας αλλας καὶ αλλας εἰσήνεγκαν, Κικέρων δὲ πολέμιον δεῖν ειπε ψηφίσασθαι τὸν ̓Αντώνιον, τὸν Καίσαρα μέντοι καὶ τὸν Βροῦτον τὸν ∆έκιμον αὐτῷ ἐναντιουμένους καὶ ἐπαινέσαι ἐφ' οις ἰδιογνωμονήσαντες πεποιήκασι, καὶ ἐπικουρῆσαι αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐξουσίαν νεῖμαι πρὸς τὸ μέλλον, καὶ τοὺς ὑπάτους αμφω πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον πεπομφέναι καὶ πολεμῆσαι αὐτῷ μηδὲ διατρίβειν καὶ μέλλειν. ταῦτα τοῦ Κικέρωνος συμβουλεύσαντος ὁ Καληνὸς ὁ Κύιντος ἐναντιούμενος αὐτῷ συνεβούλευε πέμψαι πρὸς απαντας τὴν βουλὴν κελεύουσαν ὁμοίως αὐτοῖς καταθέσθαι τὰ οπλα καὶ ἐπ' αὐτῇ καὶ ἑαυτοὺς καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας ποιήσασθαι, καὶ πεισθέντας μὲν ἐπαινέσαι, εἰ δ' ἀπειθήσουσι πολεμῆσαι, τὸν πόλεμον δὲ τοῖς ὑπάτοις πιστεύσασθαι. ὁ μὲν ουν ειπε ταῦτα, οἱ πράττοντες δὲ τὰ τοῦ Καίσαρος ἐπεκράτησαν. καί τινες πρὸς τὸν ̓Αντώνιον ἐκ τῆς βουλῆς ἀπεστάλησαν κελευούσης αὐτῷ τά τε στρατόπεδα καὶ τὴν Γαλατίαν ἀφεῖναι καὶ ἀπελθεῖν εἰς Μακεδονίαν, τοῖς αὐτῷ τε συστρατευομένοις προσταττούσης οικαδε ἀναχωρῆσαι ῥητῆς ἡμέρας ἐντός, η γινώσκειν ὡς ἐν μοίρᾳ πολε2.379 μίων αὐτοῖς λογισθήσονται. πρὸ δὲ τοῦ τὴν γνώμην τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου μαθεῖν τὸν πρὸς αὐτὸν πόλεμον τοῖς ὑπάτοις καὶ τῷ Καίσαρι, ἀρχὴν αὐτῷ στρατηγοῦ δόντες, ἐμπεπιστεύκασι. Ταῦτα μαθὼν ὁ ̓Αντώνιος τοὺς μὲν πρὸς αὐτὸν σταλέντας ἐξωνείδισεν, ἀντιστείλας δ' ἑτέρους τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ πολέμου δι' ων προετείνετο εἰς τοὺς κατ' αὐτοῦ ψηφισαμένους ἀντιπεριίστα. οἱ δ' ἐν τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ πολέμιον αυθις τὸν ̓Αντώνιον ἐψηφίσαντο καὶ τοὺς αὐτῷ συστρατευομένους, εἰ μὴ αὐτὸν καταλίποιεν, ἑτέραν ἡμέραν εἰς τοῦτο αὐτοῖς ὁρισάμενοι. ὁ δὲ ἐπολιόρκει τὸν ∆έκιμον ἐν τῇ Μουτίνῃ, οὐ μέντοι λόγου τι κατώρθωσεν αξιον. ὁ ∆έκιμος δὲ πρῶτον μὲν ἰσχυρῶς ἠμύνετο τὸν ̓Αντώνιον, επειτα παντελῶς ἀπετειχίσθη. δείσας ουν ὁ Καῖσαρ μὴ η ἁλῴη η ἀπορίᾳ τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ἐνδοίη, σύν γε τῷ ̔Ιρτίῳ ἐπεστράτευσε πρὸς Μουτίνην. τὸν δὲ πρὸς αὐτῇ ποταμὸν περαιωθῆναι οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν διὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτῷ φρουράν· σπεύδοντες δὲ τὴν ἑαυτῶν παρουσίαν τῷ ∆εκίμῳ γνωρίσαι, ἀπὸ τῶν ὑψηλοτάτων δένδρων ἐφρυκτώρουν. ὡς δ' οὐ συνίει, μολίβδου λεπτὸν αγαν ποιήσαντες ελασμα εγραψαν ἐν αὐτῷ, καὶ ὡς χάρτην τοῦτο ἑλίξαντες κολυμβητῇ διενεγκεῖν εδωκαν· καὶ ουτως ὁ ∆έκιμος τὴν παρουσίαν αὐτῶν μαθὼν ἀντεπέστειλε σφίσι τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον. ̔Ο ουν ̓Αντώνιος ὁρῶν οὐκ ἐνδιδόντα τὸν ∆έκιμον, ἐκείνῳ τὸν ἀδελφὸν κατέλιπε Λούκιον, αὐτὸς δ' ἐπὶ τὸν Καίσαρα καὶ τὸν Ιρτιον ωρμησε. καὶ πρότερον μὲν ἰσοπαλεῖς ἐγίνοντο μάχαι, ὑπερέσχε δ' υστερον ὁ ̓Αντώνιος. καὶ τὸν ̓Ιούνιον αἰσθόμενος πλησιάζοντα, ἀπῆρε λαθὼν νυκτὸς ἐπ' αὐτόν, καὶ ἐνεδρεύσας αὐτόν τε κατέτρωσε καὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν 2.380 τοὺς πλείους ἀπέκτεινε, τοὺς δέ γε λοιποὺς εἰς τὰ ταφρεύματα κατέκλεισε· καὶ πρὸς τὸν Καίσαρα καὶ τοὺς αλλους ἐτράπετο. καί οἱ ὁ Ιρτιος κἀκ τῆς πορείας καὶ τῆς μάχης πεπονηκότι ἀνελπίστως ἀπαντήσας πολὺ ἐκράτησε. τὴν δ' ητταν τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου μαθοῦσα ἡ βουλὴ αὐτοκράτορας τόν τε Ιρτιον καὶ τὸν ̓Ιούνιον καὶ τὸν Καίσαρα ὠνόμασαν, καίτοι τοῦ μὲν ̓Ιουνίου κακῶς ἀπαλλάξαντος, Καίσαρος δὲ μηδὲ