345

entrusted its garrison to the generals. But when Caesar was with his army before the city, some of the senators and many of the people went over to him, and the generals surrendered themselves and their soldiers to him; and so having taken the city without a fight, he was also put forward as consul by the people, not even having gone to the assembly, so that he might not seem to be compelling them. And Quintus 2.383 Pedius was given to him as a colleague, if one must call him so, and not a subordinate. Thus having been elected consul, Caesar arranged matters in the city according to his pleasure and provided money to the soldiers, in word, from his own house, but in deed, from the public funds, and he expressed his gratitude to them. And many honors were voted for him by the senate, in appearance willingly, but in truth compelled by fear. In addition to the other things, he was also adopted into the family of Caesar according to custom, and received the surname. For even before, he had called himself Caesar, as having succeeded to the name along with the inheritance, but he did not have it securely before confirming it according to the ancestral ways. From then on he was called Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus; for it is customary for those who are adopted to take the other name from the one who adopted them, but to keep one of their former names. Since, therefore, he had won over the soldiers and enslaved the senate, he made the distribution to the people of the things left behind by his father, so that he might draw them to himself also and not have them opposing him when he turned to the punishment of his father's murderers. He therefore established law courts, so that he might not seem to be doing anything by force, and this when most of them were absent, and some also held governorships of provinces. But if any were present, they did not appear, being afraid, but even withdrew somewhere in secret. Therefore, not only the assassins themselves nor the conspirators were convicted in their absence, 2.384 but also many others who had not taken part in the plot, and some who were not even in the city at the time, of whom one was Sextus Pompeius; they were forbidden fire and water and their properties were confiscated. After doing these things, therefore, Caesar marched against Lepidus and Antony, ostensibly; but he did nothing of consequence, not because he had come to an understanding with Antony and through him also with Lepidus, but because he saw that they were strong and of one mind, and he hoped through them to overcome Cassius and Brutus, who had now become very powerful, and after this to subdue them also by means of each other. For these reasons Caesar kept the agreements, even unwillingly, and he brought about a reconciliation for them with the senate and with the populace, not proposing these things himself, to avoid suspicion, but having arranged for Quintus to advise this. And he himself, when those in the city communicated with him about this, pretended to agree to the action unwillingly, being compelled by the soldiers. But when the reconciliation was voted for them, both marched against Caesar, bringing the largest and best part of the army. For they neither trusted him securely nor wished it to seem that the amnesty and their return had been voted for them because of him, but because of themselves and their own strength, and they hoped to obtain what they wanted through their armies. And Caesar also went to meet them with a multitude of soldiers. And they came together for a conference, and after discussing some matters quietly, they conspired together for supreme power and against their enemies, but openly they agreed that the three of them should jointly become curators and regulators of affairs for a five-year period, so that they might not seem 2.385 to be aiming at an oligarchy. And privately they also assigned governorships of provinces to themselves, so that they might not be thought to be usurping the entire authority. And they exchanged with one another the slaughters of their enemies. And to Lepidus they assigned the protection of Rome and of the rest of Italy, while Caesar and Antony agreed to campaign against Marcus Brutus and Cassius. And they confirmed their decisions with oaths, and calling the soldiers together, they harangued them as was fitting on these matters. But the

345

στρατηγοῖς τὴν φρουρὰν αὐτῆς ἐνεχείρισε. τῷ Καίσαρι δὲ σὺν τῇ στρατιᾷ πρὸ τοῦ αστεος γενομένῳ τῶν τε βουλευτῶν τινες καὶ τῶν τοῦ δήμου πολλοὶ προσεχώρησαν, καὶ οἱ στρατηγοὶ ἑαυτοὺς καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐκείνῳ παρέδοσαν· καὶ ουτω τὴν πόλιν ἀμαχεὶ κατασχὼν υπατος καὶ παρὰ τοῦ δήμου προυβέβλητο, μηδ' ἀπαντήσας εἰς τὴν συνάθροισιν, ινα μὴ δοκῇ βιάζεσθαι τούτους. καὶ συνάρχων αὐτῷ ἐδόθη ὁ Κύιντος 2.383 ὁ Πέδιος, ειγε ουτω καλέσαι αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ μὴ υπαρχον δεῖ. Ουτω δ' υπατος αἱρεθεὶς ὁ Καῖσαρ τά τε ἐν τῇ πόλει πρὸς τὸ δοκοῦν αὐτῷ κατεστήσατο καὶ χρήματα τοῖς στρατιώταις παρέσχετο, λόγῳ μὲν οικοθεν, εργῳ δ' ἐκ τῶν κοινῶν, καὶ τούτοις χάριν ὡμολόγει. παρὰ δὲ τῆς βουλῆς αὐτῷ πολλὰ πρὸς τιμὴν ἐψηφίσθησαν, δοκήσει μὲν ἑκούσης, τῇ δ' ἀληθείᾳ φόβῳ βιαζομένης. πρὸς δὲ τοῖς αλλοις καὶ εἰς τὸ τοῦ Καίσαρος γένος κατὰ τὰ νομιζόμενα εἰσεποιήθη, καὶ τὴν ἐπίκλησιν ειληφεν. ὠνόμαζε μὲν γὰρ καὶ πρότερον αὐτὸς ἑαυτὸν Καίσαρα, ὡς μετὰ τοῦ κλήρου καὶ τὴν προσηγορίαν διαδεξάμενος, οὐ μέντοι βεβαίως αὐτὴν ειχε πρὸ τοῦ ταύτην κατὰ τὰ πάτρια βεβαιώσασθαι. εκτοτε δὲ Γάιος ̓Ιούλιος Καῖσαρ ̓Οκταβιανὸς ἐπεκλήθη· νενόμισται γὰρ τοὺς υἱοθετουμένους τὴν μὲν αλλην πρόσρησιν ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰσποιησαμένου λαμβάνειν, εν δέ τι τῶν προτέρων ὀνομάτων τηρεῖν. ̓Επεὶ ουν τούς τε στρατιώτας ᾠκειώσατο καὶ τὴν βουλὴν ἐδουλώσατο, τὴν τῶν καταλειφθέντων τῷ δήμῳ διανομὴν παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐποιήσατο, ινα καὶ τούτους ἐφ' ἑαυτὸν ἐπισπάσηται καὶ μὴ ἐναντιουμένους εξει πρὸς τὴν τῶν φονέων τοῦ πατρὸς τιμωρίαν τραπόμενος. δικαστήρια μὲν ουν ἐκάθισεν, ινα μὴ δοκῇ βιαίως τι πράττειν, καὶ ταῦτα τῶν πλειόνων ἀπόντων, τινῶν δὲ καὶ ἡγεμονίας ἐχόντων ἐθνῶν. εἰ δέ τινες καὶ παρῆσαν, ουτε ἀπήντησαν δεδιότες, ἀλλὰ καὶ λάθρᾳ που ἐξεχώρησαν. ἐρήμην ουν οὐχ οἱ αὐτόχειρες οὐδ' οἱ συνομόσαντες μόνον ηλωσαν, 2.384 ἀλλὰ καὶ συχνοὶ ετεροι μὴ μετασχόντες τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς, τινὲς δὲ μηδ' ἐνδημοῦντες τότε τῇ πόλει, ων εις ην καὶ ὁ Πομπήιος Σέξτος· οι πυρός τε καὶ υδατος ειρχθησαν καὶ αἱ οὐσίαι σφῶν ἐδημεύθησαν. Ταῦτα τοίνυν πράξας ὁ Καῖσαρ ἐπὶ τὸν Λέπιδον καὶ τὸν ̓Αντώνιον δῆθεν ἐστράτευσεν· εργον δ' οὐδὲν επραξεν, οὐχ οτι τῷ ̓Αντωνίῳ κεκοινολόγητο καὶ δι' ἐκείνου καὶ τῷ Λεπίδῳ, ἀλλ' οτι ἰσχυροὺς αὐτοὺς ἑώρα καὶ ὁμογνώμονας, καὶ ηλπισε δι' αὐτῶν τόν τε Κάσσιον καὶ τὸν Βροῦτον μέγα δυνηθέντας ηδη καταγωνίσασθαι καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο κἀκείνους δι' ἀλλήλων χειρώσασθαι. διὰ ταῦτα τὰς συνθήκας ὁ Καῖσαρ καὶ ακων ἐτήρησε, καὶ καταλλαγὰς αὐτοῖς πρὸς τὴν βουλὴν καὶ πρὸς τὸν ομιλον ἐπρυτάνευσεν, οὐκ αὐτὸς ταύτας εἰσηγησάμενος διὰ τὸ ἀνύποπτον, ἀλλὰ τὸν Κύιντον τοῦτο συμβουλεῦσαι παρασκευάσας. αὐτὸς δὲ τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει κοινωσαμένων αὐτῷ περὶ τούτου ακων προσεποιεῖτο τῇ πράξει συγκατατίθεσθαι, παρὰ τῶν στρατιωτῶν βιαζόμενος. ψηφισθείσης δὲ τῆς καταλλαγῆς αὐτοῖς, ωρμησαν καὶ αμφω ἐπὶ τὸν Καίσαρα, τὸ πλεῖστον καὶ τὸ κράτιστον τοῦ στρατοῦ ἐπαγόμενοι. ουτε γὰρ βεβαίως ἐπίστευον αὐτῷ ουτε δι' ἐκεῖνον ηθελον δοκεῖν τὴν αδειαν ψηφισθῆναι αὐτοῖς καὶ τὴν κάθοδον, δι' ἑαυτοὺς δὲ καὶ τὴν σφετέραν ἰσχύν, καὶ τυχεῖν ηλπιζον ων ἐβούλοντο διὰ τὰ στρατόπεδα. καὶ ὁ Καῖσαρ δ' αὐτοῖς μετὰ πλήθους στρατιωτῶν προσυπήντησε. καὶ συνῆλθον εἰς ὁμιλίαν, διαλεξάμενοί τέ τινα ἡσυχῇ τὸ μὲν σύμπαν ἐπί τε τῇ δυναστείᾳ καὶ κατὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν συνώμοσαν, ἐς δὲ τὸ φανερὸν διωμολογήσαντο κοινῇ τοὺς τρεῖς ἐπιμελητὰς καὶ διοικητὰς τῶν πραγμάτων γενέσθαι ἐπὶ πενταετίᾳ, ινα μὴ ὀλι2.385 γαρχίας δοκῶσιν ἐφίεσθαι. ἰδίᾳ δὲ καὶ ἀρχὰς ἐθνῶν ἑαυτοῖς προσενείμαντο, ινα μὴ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀρχὴν νομίζωνται σφετερίζεσθαι. καὶ τῶν ἐχθρῶν σφαγὰς ἀλλήλοις ἀντέδοσαν. καὶ Λεπίδῳ μὲν τῆς τε ̔Ρώμης τὴν φυλακὴν καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς ̓Ιταλίας ἀνέθεσαν, Καῖσαρ δὲ καὶ ̓Αντώνιος ἐπὶ τὸν Μάρκον Βροῦτον στρατεύσασθαι συνέθεντο καὶ τὸν Κάσσιον. καὶ ορκοις τὰ δόξαντα ἐπιστώσαντο, καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας συγκαλέσαντες ἐδημηγόρησαν οσα ἐπὶ τούτοις εἰκός. οἱ δὲ τοῦ