359

to fall from their wounds, put aside their bows, and drawing their swords, attacked them as if to cut them to pieces. But the Romans, rising up and falling upon them, as armed men upon unarmed men, as prepared men upon unprepared men, as hoplites upon archers, Romans cut down barbarians. Antony, therefore, suffered nothing more terrible from the enemy, but was worn out by the cold. For it was winter, and the borderlands of Armenia, through which he was marching, are always icy; whence many of his men perished. Therefore he approached the Armenian and flattered him, although he was angry with him. And distributing money to the remnants of his army, he departed to Egypt to Cleopatra. On her account he was greatly slandered by his countrymen, because he had children by her and because he had granted her many lands. For he was so enslaved by love for her and her enchantments that he ordered his wife Octavia, who was coming to him from Rome, to return and not to approach him. 2.419 But Caesar came to Sicily, but having delayed there because of the winter, and learning that some of the nations subject to the Romans had revolted on account of his absence, he returned and prepared to march against them, and some he brought over and subdued in person, and others through others. Then he also marched against the Pannonians, who dwell near Dalmatia beside the Ister itself from Noricum as far as Moesia in Europe, living a hard life, since they do not have good land or climate, cultivating no wine, no oil, but eating and drinking barley and millet alike, but they are considered very brave. whom some of the Greeks called Paeonians, being ignorant of the truth; for near Rhodope and Macedonia itself is the nation of the Paeonians, but these people both others and they themselves call Pannonians. Caesar then marched against these men, and having often engaged them in battle, he afterwards brought them over by agreement. But Antony, contriving to punish the Armenian, did not cease moving every stone, as the proverb goes, until he induced him to enter the camp. And when he entered, he seized him and kept him under guard without chains, and led him around the fortresses where his treasures were deposited, eager to take them. But when he accomplished nothing, for the Armenians had chosen his eldest son Artaxes as king instead, he bound him with silver chains, as if bestowing this honor on him as a king; and 2.420 he seized all of Armenia, since Artaxes had retreated to the Parthians, because he was being defeated in battle. Antony left his troops in Armenia, but he himself returned to Egypt, bringing the Armenian there with his wife and children; and he granted the booty to Cleopatra and brought the Armenian with his family, bound in golden chains, to her. But they neither supplicated her nor indeed did obeisance, but addressed her by name. And after this Antony ordered Cleopatra to be called Queen of Kings, and he named her the wife of the former Caesar, and her son as truly his child, so that he might slander Caesar Octavian as an adopted and not a legitimate child of his, and he distributed lands to them. And to his own children by Cleopatra, named Ptolemy and Alexander, he allotted many other lands. And doing such things, he sent a letter to the senate that he would cease from his command and would place matters in its hands and in the people's, not thinking thus, but so that by his promises they might either compel the present Caesar to lay down his arms or might hate him if he disobeyed. And having gone as far as the Araxes, as if marching against the Parthians, he was content with the agreement with the Mede. For they agreed to be allies to each other, the one against the Parthians, and the other against Caesar, and they exchanged soldiers with each other. And the Mede had received from Antony a part of newly-acquired Armenia, and Antony his daughter Iotape, so that 2.421 for Alexander the

359

τραυμάτων καταπεσεῖν, τὰ μὲν τόξα ἀπέθεντο, τὰ δὲ ξίφη σπασάμενοι ὡς συγκόψοντες ἐπῆλθον αὐτοῖς. ἐξαναστάντες δὲ οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι καὶ αὐτοῖς προσπεσόντες, οια γυμνοὺς ὡπλισμένοι, ἀπροσδοκήτους παρεσκευασμένοι, τοξότας ὁπλῖται, βαρβάρους ̔Ρωμαῖοι κατέκοψαν. ̓Αντώνιος μὲν ουν ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων οὐκέτι δεινὸν οὐδὲν επαθεν, ὑπὸ δὲ ψύχους τεταλαιπώρητο. χειμὼν γὰρ ην, καὶ τῆς ̓Αρμενίας τὰ πρόσορα, δι' ων ἐπορεύετο, κρυσταλλώδη ἀεί εἰσιν· οθεν συχνοὶ τῶν αὐτοῦ διεφθείροντο. διὸ ὑπῆλθε τὸν ̓Αρμένιον καὶ ἐθώπευσε, καίτοι δι' ὀργῆς ἐκεῖνον ποιούμενος. χρήματα δὲ τοῖς περιλειφθεῖσι διανείμας τῆς στρατιᾶς ἀπῆρεν εἰς Αιγυπτον πρὸς τὴν Κλεοπάτραν. δι' ην μεγάλως ὑπὸ τῶν ὁμογενῶν διεβέβλητο, οτι τε παῖδας ἐξ αὐτῆς εσχε καὶ οτι χώρας πολλὰς αὐτῇ ἐχαρίσατο. ουτως γὰρ τῷ ερωτι αὐτῆς καὶ ταῖς γοητείαις ἐδούλευσεν ὡς καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ τὴν ̓Οκταβίαν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐκ ̔Ρώμης ἀφικνουμένην ἐπανελθεῖν κελεῦσαι καὶ μὴ αὐτῷ προσελθεῖν. 2.419 ̔Ο δὲ Καῖσαρ ηλθε μὲν εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, χρονίσας δ' ἐν αὐτῇ διὰ τὸν χειμῶνα, καὶ μαθὼν ως τινα τῶν ἐθνῶν τῶν ̔Ρωμαίοις ὑποκειμένων διὰ τὴν ἀποδημίαν αὐτοῦ ἐπανέστησαν, ἐπανῆλθε καὶ ἐπ' ἐκείνους παρεσκευάζετο, καὶ τοὺς μὲν δι' ἑαυτοῦ, τοὺς δὲ δι' ἑτέρων προσηγάγετο καὶ ὑπέταξεν. ειτα καὶ ἐπὶ Παννονίους ἐστράτευσεν, οι νέμονται μὲν πρὸς τῇ ∆αλματίᾳ παρ' αὐτὸν τὸν Ιστρον ἀπὸ Νωρικοῦ μέχρι τῆς ἐν τῇ Εὐρώπῃ Μυσίας, κακοβίωτοι μὲν οντες, ατε μὴ γῆς μηδ' ἀέρων ευ ηκοντες, οὐκ οινον γεωργοῦντες, οὐκ ελαιον, τὰς δὲ κριθὰς καὶ τὰς κέγχρους ἐσθίοντες ὁμοίως καὶ πίνοντες, νομίζονται δ' ουν ἀνδρειότατοι. ους καί τινες τῶν ̔Ελλήνων Παίονας προσηγόρευσαν, τὸ ἀληθὲς ἀγνοήσαντες· πρὸς γὰρ τῇ ̔Ροδόπῃ καὶ πρὸς αὐτῇ τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ τὸ τῶν Παιόνων εθνος ἐστί, τούτους δὲ Παννονίους καὶ οἱ αλλοι καλοῦσι καὶ αὐτοὶ ἑαυτούς. ἐπὶ τούτους ὁ Καῖσαρ τότε στρατεύσας, καὶ διὰ μάχης αὐτοῖς πολλάκις χωρήσας, ὁμολογίᾳ προσηγάγετο υστερον. ̓Αντώνιος δὲ τὸν ̓Αρμένιον τιμωρήσασθαι μηχανώμενος οὐκ ἐνέλιπε πάντα λίθον κινῶν, τὸ τῆς παροιμίας, εως αὐτὸν ὑπηγάγετο εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον εἰσελθεῖν. εἰσελθόντα δὲ κατέσχε καὶ ἐν ἀδέσμῳ ειχε φρουρᾷ, καὶ περιῆγεν αὐτὸν κατὰ τὰ φρούρια ενθα ἐκείνῳ οἱ θησαυροὶ ἐναπέκειντο, σπεύδων αὐτοὺς λαβεῖν. ὡς δ' οὐδὲν ηνυεν, οἱ γὰρ ̓Αρμένιοι τῶν παίδων αὐτοῦ τὸν πρεσβύτατον βασιλέα ἀνθείλοντο τὸν ̓Αρτάξην, εδησεν αὐτὸν ἁλύσεσιν ἀργυραῖς, οἱονεὶ τιμὴν αὐτῷ ταύτην νέμων ὡς βασιλεῖ· καὶ 2.420 πᾶσαν τὴν ̓Αρμενίαν κατέσχε, τοῦ ̓Αρτάξου πρὸς τοὺς Πάρθους ἀποχωρήσαντος, ἐπείπερ ἡττᾶτο μαχόμενος. ̓Αντώνιος δὲ τὰ μὲν στρατεύματα εἰς ̓Αρμενίαν κατέλιπεν, αὐτὸς δ' ἀνεκομίσθη πρὸς Αιγυπτον, μετὰ τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ τῶν παίδων αγων ἐκεῖ τὸν ̓Αρμένιον· καὶ τήν τε λείαν τῇ Κλεοπάτρᾳ ἐχαρίσατο καὶ τὸν ̓Αρμένιον μετὰ τῶν οἰκείων περιβαλὼν χρυσέοις δεσμοῖς ἐκείνῃ προσήγαγεν. οἱ δὲ ουθ' ἱκέτευσαν αὐτὴν ουτε μὴν προσεκύνησαν, ἀλλ' ὀνομαστὶ προσηγόρευσαν. Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο τὴν Κλεοπάτραν ̓Αντώνιος βασιλίδα βασιλέων καλεῖσθαι ἐκέλευσε, καὶ τοῦ προτέρου Καίσαρος αὐτὴν μὲν γυναῖκα ὠνόμαζε, τὸν δὲ υἱὸν αὐτῆς παῖδα ἐκείνου ὡς ἀληθῶς, ινα τὸν Καίσαρα τὸν ̓Οκτάβιον ὡς ποιητὸν ἐκείνου παῖδα καὶ μὴ γνήσιον διαβάλῃ, καὶ χώρας αὐτοῖς ενειμε. τοῖς δ' οἰκείοις παισὶ τοῖς ἐκ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας, κεκλημένοις Πτολεμαίῳ καὶ ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ, ἑτέρας πολλὰς προσκεκλήρωκε. τοιαῦτα δὲ πράττων ἐπέστελλε τῇ βουλῇ οτι τῆς ἀρχῆς τε παύσεται καὶ τὰ πράγματα ἐπ' αὐτῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ ποιήσεται, οὐχ ουτω φρονῶν, ἀλλ' οπως ταῖς παρ' αὐτοῦ ἐλπίσιν η ἀναγκάσωσι παρόντα τὸν Καίσαρα καταθέσθαι τὰ οπλα η μισήσωσιν ἀπειθήσαντα. Αχρι δὲ τοῦ ̓Αράξου ἐλθών, ὡς ἐπὶ τοὺς Πάρθους στρατεύων, ἠρκέσθη τῇ πρὸς τὸν Μῆδον ὁμολογίᾳ. συμμαχήσειν γὰρ ἀλλήλοις συνέθεντο, ὁ μὲν κατὰ τῶν Πάρθων, ὁ δέ γε κατὰ τοῦ Καίσαρος, καὶ στρατιώτας ἀλλήλοις ἀντέδοσαν. καὶ ὁ μὲν Μῆδος τῆς ̓Αρμενίας τῆς νεοκτήτου ἐξ ̓Αντωνίου εἰλήφει τινά, ̓Αντώνιος δὲ τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτοῦ ̓Ιωτάπην, ὡς 2.421 τῷ ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ τῷ