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to live with his son. And for these reasons he set out for Ionia and for Greece for the war against Caesar. But the Mede, allied with the Romans, defeated the Parthians and Artaxes when they attacked him. But when Antony recalled his own soldiers, and Caesar had detained his, he was defeated in turn and captured. And thus Armenia was lost along with Media. The Romans, however, had done away with the democracy, but had not yet slipped into open monarchy, until Sextus was destroyed and the rebellious nations were enslaved and the Parthian was causing no trouble. For then Antony and Caesar openly turned against each other, and the people were completely enslaved. These were the alleged causes of the war between them. Antony accused Caesar of having usurped Lepidus's territory and power and that of Sextus, and of these he demanded half, as well as of the soldiers whom he had levied from Italy, which belonged to him; while Caesar accused Antony of holding Egypt and other lands that were not his by lot, and of having killed Sextus, for he said he had willingly spared him, and of having seized the Armenian by deceit and bound him, and by this had brought disgrace upon the Romans, and he himself also demanded half of the spoils, and he brought up against him before everyone Cleopatra and her children and the gifts made to them, and especially he accused him of introducing Caesarion into the family of Caesar. These things, then, they brought up against each other. and for a time they did not 2.422 openly arm against each other, until Gnaeus Domitius and Gaius Sossius, who were of Antony's party, became consuls. Then they went to war openly. For Sossius on the first of the month praised Antony highly and spoke much against Caesar. And at that time Caesar withdrew from the city, fabricating another reason; but after this he returned, and having stationed a guard of soldiers around himself, he spoke moderately on his own behalf, but accused Antony and Sossius of many things, and promised to convict Antony of wrongdoing by means of letters. The consuls, therefore, neither daring to speak against him nor enduring to be silent, withdrew from the city and went away to Antony, and not a few of the other senators had gone away with them; and again others, leaving Antony, went over to Caesar, because he had renounced his marriage with Octavia and because they were displeased with Cleopatra. From whom Caesar, having learned the other affairs of Antony and his will and with whom it happened to be, both took it and read it in public, doing a most unlawful thing. And on account of what was written, such anger was shown even by those very attached to him, that they took away from him the consulship and all his other authority, and they voted immunity and praise to those with him, if they should abandon him; and they declared war openly against Cleopatra, which was aimed more at Antony; for they knew he would endure anything for her sake. For she so enslaved him that she was called queen and mistress by him, and that she had Roman soldiers in her bodyguard and that her name was 2.423 inscribed on all their shields. And she used to enter the forum with him and she co-arranged the festivals and co-examined the lawsuits, and she rode with him, and in the cities she was carried in a chair, while Antony on foot followed with her eunuchs; and he was depicted and sculpted with her, he being called Osiris and Dionysus, and she Selene and Isis. Whence he seemed to have been driven mad by her through sorcery. And she not only bewitched and bound him, but also the powerful men with him, so that she hoped to rule even the Romans, and made it her greatest prayer and oath to dispense justice on the Capitol. And Antony sometimes girded on a scimitar and wore clothing contrary to the customs of his fathers. For him, then, being a consul and general of the Romans, the dress outside the customs of his fathers was counted as an accusation, but how could one exempt from blame and accusation the now kings of the Romans, who change their dress contrary to the customs of their fathers, and not sometimes, but always

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υἱῷ αὐτοῦ συνοικήσουσαν. καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐς τὴν ̓Ιωνίαν καὶ ἐς τὴν ̔Ελλάδα ἐπὶ τῷ πολέμῳ τοῦ Καίσαρος ωρμησεν. ὁ δέ γε Μῆδος συμμαχούμενος τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις ἐπελθόντας αὐτῷ τοὺς Πάρθους καὶ τὸν ̓Αρτάξην ἐνίκησε. τοῦ δ' ̓Αντωνίου τοὺς οἰκείους στρατιώτας μετακαλεσαμένου, τοὺς δ' ἐκείνου κατεσχηκότος, ἀνθήττητο καὶ ἑάλω. καὶ ουτως ἡ ̓Αρμενία μετὰ τῆς Μηδίας ἀπώλετο. Οἱ μέντοι ̔Ρωμαῖοι τὴν μὲν δημοκρατίαν ἀφῄρηντο, οὐ μὴν καὶ εἰς φανερὰν μοναρχίαν κατώλισθον, εως ο τε Σέξτος ἀπώλετο καὶ τὰ ἐπαναστάντα εθνη δεδούλωτο καὶ ὁ Πάρθος οὐδὲν παρεκίνει. τότε γὰρ φανερῶς ἐπ' ἀλλήλους ὁ ̓Αντώνιος καὶ ὁ Καῖσαρ ἐτράποντο, καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἀκριβῶς ἐδουλώθη. αἰτίαι δὲ τοῦ πολέμου αιδε σφίσιν ἐσκήπτοντο. ̓Αντώνιος μὲν Καίσαρι ἐνεκάλει οτι τὴν τοῦ Λεπίδου χώραν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν καὶ τὴν τοῦ Σέξτου ἐσφετερίσατο, καὶ τούτων ἀπῄτει τὰ ἡμίση καὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν ους ἐκ τῆς ἀνηκούσης αὐτῷ ̓Ιταλίας ἐστράτευσεν· ὁ δὲ Καῖσαρ ἐκείνῳ οτι τὴν Αιγυπτον καὶ αλλα μὴ λαχὼν ειχε, καὶ οτι τὸν Σέξτον ἀπέκτεινεν, αὐτὸς γὰρ ἑκὼν ἐκείνου φείσασθαι ελεγε, καὶ οτι τὸν ̓Αρμένιον ἀπάτῃ συνειληφὼς εδησε κἀκ τούτου ̔Ρωμαίοις κακοδοξίαν προσέτριψε, καὶ τὰ ἡμίση τῶν λαφύρων καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπῄτει, καὶ τὴν Κλεοπάτραν αὐτῷ καὶ τοὺς παῖδας τοὺς ἐξ αὐτῆς καὶ τὰ δωρηθέντα σφίσι πρὸς πάντας ἐπέφερεν, ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα δ' ᾐτιᾶτο οτι τὸν Καισαρίωνα ἐς τὸ γένος εἰσῆγε τοῦ Καίσαρος. Ταῦτ' ουν ἐπενεκάλουν ἀλλήλοις. καὶ τέως οὐκ 2.422 ἀναφανδὸν κατ' ἀλλήλων ὡπλίζοντο, εως ∆ομίτιος Γναῖος καὶ Σόσσιος Γάιος, τῆς τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου μερίδος οντες, ὑπάτευσαν. τότε δὲ προδήλως ἐπολεμώθησαν. ὁ γὰρ Σόσσιος πολλὰ μὲν ἐν τῇ νουμηνίᾳ ἐπῄνεσε τὸν ̓Αντώνιον, πολλὰ δὲ κατεῖπε τοῦ Καίσαρος. καὶ τότε μὲν ὁ Καῖσαρ τῆς πόλεως ἐξεχώρησεν, αἰτίαν αλλην πλασάμενος· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐπανελθών, καὶ φρουρὰν ἑαυτῷ περιστήσας στρατιωτῶν, μέτρια μὲν ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ διειλέχθη, τοῦ δὲ ̓Αντωνίου καὶ τοῦ Σοσσίου πολλὰ κατηγόρησε, καὶ ἀδικοῦντα τὸν ̓Αντώνιον διὰ γραμμάτων ἐξελέγχειν ὑπέσχετο. οἱ ουν υπατοι μήτ' ἀντειπεῖν θαρροῦντες μήτε σιωπᾶν ὑπομένοντες, τῆς πόλεως ἐκχωρήσαντες ἀπῆλθον πρὸς τὸν ̓Αντώνιον, καὶ τῶν αλλων βουλευτῶν οὐκ ὀλίγοι αὐτοῖς συναπεληλύθασιν· καὶ αυθις ετεροι τὸν ̓Αντώνιον λιπόντες τῷ Καίσαρι προσεχώρησαν, οτι τήν τε τῆς ̓Οκταβίας συνοίκησιν ἀπείπατο καὶ οτι τῇ Κλεοπάτρᾳ ηχθοντο. ἐξ ων μαθὼν ὁ Καῖσαρ τά τε αλλα τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου καὶ τὰς διαθήκας αὐτοῦ καὶ παρὰ τίνι ἐτύγχανον, ελαβέ τε αὐτὰς καὶ δημοσίᾳ ἀνέγνω, πρᾶγμα ποιήσας παρανομώτατον. τοσαύτην δὲ διὰ τὰ γεγραμμένα ὀργὴν καὶ οἱ πάνυ ἐκείνῳ προσκείμενοι ἐνεδείξαντο, ωστε τήν τε ὑπατείαν καὶ τὴν αλλην απασαν ἐξουσίαν ἀφείλοντο, καὶ τοῖς συνοῦσιν αὐτῷ αδειαν καὶ ἐπαίνους, ἐὰν ἐγκαταλίπωσιν αὐτόν, ἐψηφίσαντο· καὶ τῇ Κλεοπάτρᾳ πόλεμον ἐπήγγειλαν αντικρυς, ος μᾶλλον πρὸς τὸν ̓Αντώνιον ετεινεν· ῃδεσαν γὰρ αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐκείνης πάντα ὑποίσοντα. ουτω γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐδουλώσατο ωστε βασιλίς τε καὶ δέσποινα ὑπ' ἐκείνου καλεῖσθαι, στρατιώτας τε ̔Ρωμαίους ἐν τῷ δορυφορικῷ αὐτῆς εχειν καὶ ταῖς ἀσπίσι πάντων τὸ ονομα αὐτῆς ἐπι2.423 γράφεσθαι. καὶ εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν δὲ μετ' αὐτοῦ εἰσεφοίτα καὶ τὰς πανηγύρεις συνδιετίθετο τάς τε δίκας συνεξήταζε, καὶ συνίππευε, καὶ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἐκείνη μὲν ἐν δίφρῳ ἐφέρετο, ὁ δ' ̓Αντώνιος πεζῇ μετὰ τῶν εὐνούχων αὐτῆς ἠκολούθει· συνεγράφετό τε αὐτῇ καὶ συνεπλάττετο, αὐτὸς Οσιρις καὶ ∆ιόνυσος λεγόμενος, ἐκείνη δὲ Σελήνη καὶ Ισις. οθεν εκφρων ὑπ' αὐτῆς ἐκ μαγγανείας εδοξε γεγονέναι. καὶ οὐκ ἐκεῖνον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς παρ' αὐτῷ δυναμένους καὶ ἐγοήτευσε καὶ κατέδησεν, ὡς ἐλπίσαι καὶ τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων αρξειν, εὐχήν τε ποιεῖσθαι μεγίστην καὶ ορκον τὸ ἐν τῷ Καπιτωλίῳ δικάσαι. ὁ δὲ ̓Αντώνιος ἀκινάκην τε ἐνίοτε παρεζώννυτο καὶ ἐσθῆτι ἐχρῆτο παρὰ τὰ πάτρια. Τούτῳ μὲν ουν ὑπάτῳ οντι καὶ στρατηγῷ ̔Ρωμαίων εἰς αἰτίαμα ἐλογίσθη ἡ εξω τῶν πατρίων στολή, τοὺς δὲ νῦν βασιλεῖς ̔Ρωμαίων πῶς αν τις ἐξαιρήσαιτο μώμων καὶ αἰτιάσεως, μεταμφιεννυμένους παρὰ τὰ πάτρια, καὶ οὐκ ἐνίοτε, ἀεὶ δὲ