369

a common grief came upon the Romans. For in other respects he was the best of the men of his time and he had used the friendship of Augustus for his benefit and for the common advantage, and offering all his own wisdom and courage to Caesar for the most beneficial ends he spent all the power and honor from him on doing good to others; therefore he was neither burdensome to him nor an object of envy to others. When this man passed away, since he needed a colleague in his affairs, he chose Tiberius, even against his will; for the sons of Agrippa, who were his grandsons, were still boys. And taking his wife from him, who was the daughter of Agrippa by another wife, he betrothed Julia to him. Then through him and through Drusus and through Lucius Piso he subjugated many of the nations. And when the senate and the people contributed money for statues of him, he set up none of himself, but had statues made of Public Health and of Concord and of Peace. And on the very first day of the year people would come to him, some giving more, others less, and he, adding as much again or even more, would give it back, not only to the senators, but to the others as well. At that time his sister Octavia also died, and both he and Drusus delivered a funeral oration for her as she lay in state publicly; and the sen2.445ators put on mourning tunics, making the mourning a public affair. In the following year Drusus, being consul, campaigned against certain nations. And having subdued some, he attempted to advance further. And as he was departing, he met a certain woman of more than human stature, who seemed to say to him, "Where indeed are you hurrying, insatiable Drusus? It is not fated for you to see all these things. But depart; for the end both of your life and of your deeds is now at hand." And as he was returning from there, a disease fell upon him, from which he died. And when the emperor learned that he was sick, he sent Tiberius with all speed; who found him still breathing and, after he died, brought him to Rome. And as he lay in state in the forum, both Augustus and Tiberius praised him in funeral orations. After these things Caesar introduced laws, and allowed the senators to read them, so that, if something did not please them or if they should conceive of anything better, they might say so. For he considered himself so democratic that when one of his fellow soldiers needed his advocacy, he sent one of his friends to speak for him, on the grounds that he himself did not have the leisure, but when the man who needed the advocacy became annoyed and said, "But whenever you needed help, I did not send another in my place, but I myself risked my life for you," he both went to the court and advocated for him. And when some magistrates were accused of having obtained their offices through bribery, he neither investigated nor pretended to know about it; for he wished neither to punish anyone for this reason nor to pardon them after they had been con2.446victed. And although he was giving up the leadership, as he said, since the second ten years had also passed, he accepted it again, ostensibly unwillingly, on the pretext that he would campaign against the Celts. And he himself remained at home, but sent Tiberius against them. And when he returned, he both proclaimed him imperator and appointed him consul again and honored him with a triumph. And he himself renamed the month called Sextilis as Augustus. When Maecenas died, he was grieved; for he had been benefited by him in many other ways, but especially his anger, whenever he indulged in it too immoderately, was checked and changed to something gentler. As proof, once when he was judging a case and had cast many votes for the death penalty, Maecenas tried to push through the bystanders and get close to him, but being unable to, he wrote on a small tablet, "Get up, executioner," and threw it into his lap; whereupon he, after reading it, immediately stood up and annulled the votes he had just cast. For he was not annoyed at being corrected by his friends, but was pleased. And the greatest proof of Maecenas' virtue, was that he was intimate with Augustus while opposing his impulses and to all others

369

κοινόν τι τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις πένθος ἐγένετο. τά τε γὰρ αλλα αριστος τῶν καθ' ἑαυτὸν ἀνθρώπων ἐγένετο καὶ τῇ τοῦ Αὐγούστου φιλίᾳ πρὸς τὸ ἐκείνου καὶ πρὸς τὸ κοινῇ συμφέρον ἐκέχρητο, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σοφίαν καὶ ἀνδρείαν εἰς τὰ λυσιτελέστατα παρέχων τῷ Καίσαρι πᾶσαν τὴν παρ' ἐκείνου καὶ δύναμιν καὶ τιμὴν εἰς τὸ τοὺς αλλους εὐεργετεῖν ἀνήλισκεν· οθεν ουτ' αὐτῷ ἐπαχθὴς ουτε τοῖς αλλοις ἐπίφθονος ἐχρημάτισε. τούτου μεταλλάξαντος, ἐπεὶ συνεργοῦ πρὸς τὰ πράγματα ἐδεῖτο, τὸν Τιβέριον καὶ ακων προσείλετο· οἱ γὰρ τοῦ ̓Αγρίππου υἱοί, εγγονοι δ' αὐτοῦ, ἐν παισὶν ετι ἐτέλουν. καὶ ἀποσπάσας ἐκείνου τὴν γυναῖκα, θυγατέρα ουσαν ̓Αγρίππου ἐξ αλλης γαμετῆς, τὴν ̓Ιουλίαν αὐτῷ ἐνεγύησεν. ειτα διά τε τούτου καὶ διὰ τοῦ ∆ρούσου καὶ διὰ Πείσωνος Λουκίου πολλὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν ὑπηγάγετο. ἀργύριον δὲ τῆς τε βουλῆς καὶ τοῦ δήμου εἰς εἰκόνας αὐτοῦ συνενεγκόντων, ἑαυτοῦ μὲν οὐδεμίαν εστησεν, ̔Υγιείας δὲ δημοσίας καὶ ̔Ομονοίας καὶ Εἰρήνης εἰκόνας εἰργάσατο. καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ πρώτῃ τοῦ ετους ἡμέρᾳ αὐτῷ ἐκείνῳ προσιόντες οἱ μὲν πλεῖον, οἱ δ' ηττον ἐδίδοσαν, καὶ ος προστιθεὶς ετερον τοσοῦτον η καὶ πλέον ἀντεδίδου, οὐ μόνοις τοῖς βουλευταῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς αλλοις. τέθνηκε δὲ τότε καὶ ἡ ἀδελφὴ αὐτοῦ ̓Οκταβία, καὶ αὐτός τε ἐπ' αὐτῇ δημοσίᾳ προτεθείσῃ ἐπιτάφιον ειπε καὶ ὁ ∆ροῦσος· καὶ οἱ βου2.445 λευταὶ πενθήρεις χιτῶνας ελαβον, δημοσίᾳ τὸ πένθος ποιήσαντες. Τῷ δ' ἐχομένῳ ετει ὁ ∆ροῦσος ὑπατεύσας κατ' ἐθνῶν τινων ἐξεστράτευσε. καί τινα χειρωσάμενος προσωτέρω χωρεῖν ἐπεχείρησε. καὶ γυναικί τινι μείζονι η κατὰ ἀνθρώπου φύσιν ἀπήντησεν ἀπιών, η "ποῖ δῆτα ἐπείγῃ, ∆ροῦσε ἀκόρεστε" λέγειν αὐτῷ εδοξεν· "οὐ πάντα σοι ταῦτα ἰδεῖν πέπρωται. ἀλλ' απιθι· ηδη γάρ σοι καὶ ἡ τοῦ βίου καὶ ἡ τῶν εργων πάρεστι τελευτή." ὑποστρέφοντι δ' ἐκεῖθεν αὐτῷ νόσος ἐνέσκηψεν, ἐξ ης ἐτελεύτησε. πυθόμενος δ' ὁ αὐτοκράτωρ οτι νοσεῖ, τὸν Τιβέριον κατὰ τάχος επεμψεν· ος εμπνουν τε αὐτὸν ευρε καὶ θανόντα ἐς τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἐκόμισε. καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ προτεθέντα ο τε Αυγουστος καὶ ὁ Τιβέριος ἐπιταφίοις ἐπῄνεσαν. Νόμους δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Καῖσαρ εἰσήνεγκε, καὶ τοῖς βουλευταῖς αὐτοὺς ἀναγνῶναι ἐπέτρεψεν, οπως, εἰ μή τι ἀρέσκει η αμεινόν τι νοήσουσιν, ειπωσιν. ουτω γὰρ δημοκρατικὸς ἠξίου ειναι ωστε τινὸς τῶν συστρατευσαμένων αὐτῷ συνηγορήματος παρ' αὐτοῦ δεηθέντος, τῶν φίλων τινὰ συνειπεῖν αὐτῷ επεμψεν, ὡς αὐτὸς οὐκ αγων σχολήν, ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ τῆς συνηγορίας δεόμενος ἀχθεσθεὶς εφη "ἐγὼ δ' ὁσάκις ἐπικουρίας ἐδεήθης οὐκ αλλον ἀντ' ἐμαυτοῦ επεμψα, ἀλλ' αὐτός σου προεκινδύνευσα," εἰς τὸ δικαστήριόν τε ἐφοίτησε καὶ αὐτῷ συνηγόρησεν. αἰτιαθέντων δέ τινων ἀρχόντων ὡς ἐκ δεκασμοῦ τὰς ἀρχὰς λαβόντων, ουτ' ἐξήλεγξε καὶ προσεποιήσατο μηδὲ γνῶναι τοῦτο· ουτε γὰρ κολάσαι τινὰς διὰ τοῦτο ουτε συγγνῶναι ἐλεγ2.446 χθεῖσιν ἠθέλησε. τὴν δ' ἡγεμονίαν καίπερ, ὡς ελεγεν, ἀφιείς, ἐπειδὴ καὶ τὰ δεύτερα δέκα ετη παρῆλθον, ακων δῆθεν αυθις ἐδέξατο, ὡς ἐπὶ τοὺς Κελτοὺς στρατεύσων. καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν οικοι κατέμεινεν, ἐπ' ἐκείνους δὲ τὸν Τιβέριον επεμψεν. ον ἐπανελθόντα αὐτοκράτορά τε ἀνεῖπε καὶ υπατον αυθις ἀπέδειξε καὶ τοῖς ἐπινικίοις ἐσέμνυνεν. αὐτὸς δὲ τὸν Σεξτίλιον καλούμενον μῆνα Αυγουστον ἀντωνόμασε. Τοῦ δὲ Μαικήνου τελευτήσαντος ηλγησε· πολλὰ μὲν γὰρ καὶ αλλα ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ωνητο, μάλιστα δὲ τῆς ὀργῆς, οτε ἀκρατέστερον αὐτῇ ἐκέχρητο, παρελύετο καὶ μετήνεκτο πρὸς τὸ ἠπιώτερον. τεκμήριον δέ, δικάζοντός ποτε καὶ πολλὰς ἀποφηναμένου ψήφους θανατικάς, ἐπεχείρησε μὲν ὁ Μαικήνας διώσασθαι τοὺς περιεστῶτας καὶ ἐγγὺς αὐτῷ προσελθεῖν, μὴ δυνηθεὶς δὲ εγραψεν ἐν χάρτῃ μικρῷ "ἀνάστα, δήμιε," καὶ αὐτὸ εἰς τὸν κόλπον αὐτοῦ ερριψεν· ο ἐπελθὼν ἐκεῖνος εὐθὺς ἀνέστη καὶ τὰς ψήφους ἠκύρωσεν ας τηνικαῦτα ην ψηφισάμενος. οὐ γὰρ ἠγανάκτει διορθούμενος ὑπὸ τῶν φίλων, ἀλλὰ εχαιρε. μέγιστον δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς τοῦ Μαικήνου δεῖγμα, οτι τῷ τε Αὐγούστῳ πρὸς τὰς ὁρμὰς αὐτοῦ ἀνθιστάμενος ᾠκείωτο καὶ τοῖς αλλοις απασιν