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he cut off beforehand. And he killed many for their property, bringing other charges against them. And the death of his sister Drusilla destroyed no fewer, with whom Marcus Lepidus was living, being at the same time his favorite and lover, but Gaius also had relations with her. When she died, therefore, he honored her with many other things, and then also deified her. A little later he married Lollia Paulina, having forced her own husband to betroth his wife to him, so that he might not break the law by taking her without a betrothal. Once, seeing a great deal of mud in a narrow street, he ordered it to be thrown onto the clothes of the man who was then aedile and in charge of cleaning the streets. Vespasian was aedile at that time; so that later, when he took over the affairs of state when they were in turmoil and confusion and set them in order, it seemed that what had then happened had not been without divine influence, but that the city had been openly entrusted to him by Gaius for its restoration. Gaius was continually killing many people, and there was nothing apart from the murders. And he did not indulge the multitude in any way, and they thoroughly detested him; for they both said and did many other things that displeased him, and in addition he was terribly vexed that in praising him they would shout "young Augustus." For he did not consider that he was being blessed for being monarch while young, but being reproached because at such an age he held such great power. And he raised money by every means, inventing different pretexts for extortion 3.17 at different times; and of those who had anything, no one, neither man nor woman, was left unpunished. And even if he allowed some of the younger ones to live, yet by naming fathers and grandfathers and mothers and aunts, he both enjoyed their property while they were alive and inherited their estates when they died. He desired to drive and ride on horseback, in a way, through the sea, and he bridged the space between Puteoli and Bauli. This place is opposite the city, at a distance of twenty-six stades from it. For the bridge, some ships were constructed, and others were collected. As a result of which a very severe famine arose both in Italy and especially in Rome. But he, putting on the breastplate of Alexander, as he said, and over it a purple silk cloak containing much gold and many Indian gems, and girding on a sword and taking a shield and having crowned himself with oak leaves, rode in haste into the city as if against an enemy, bringing with him a great multitude of armed cavalry and infantry; and having done some other such things and glorifying himself in a public speech because of these, he scoffed at Darius and Xerxes, as he himself had yoked a stretch of sea many times greater than they had. This bridge also became a cause of death for many. For having spent untold sums of money on it, he plotted against many more for their property. Thus a certain Junius Priscus, a praetor, was accused of certain other things, but was put to death for being rich; and when Gaius learned that he possessed nothing worthy of death, he said, "He deceived me and perished in vain; for he could have lived." But Domitius Afer, after coming close to danger, was unexpectedly saved 3.18. For having brought him into the senate on some charge, he read a long speech against him, for he claimed to surpass all orators, and he was eager to outdo Domitius, who was a most powerful speaker. But he neither said anything in reply nor made any defense, but pretended to marvel at Gaius's eloquence and to be struck with awe, and he both begged and supplicated, saying that he feared the orator more than Caesar. And at this he was pleased, and believing that he had prevailed over him by the power of his words, he ceased from his anger. Then he set out for Gaul, on the pretext that the Celts were causing some disturbance, and he harmed the enemy in no way, but he inflicted very great evils upon his subjects and allies and citizens. Once when he was gambling, and realized that he had no money, he asked for the census lists of the Gauls. And having ordered the wealthiest of them to be put to death, he returned to his fellow gamblers and said, "You are competing for a few drachmas, while I have collected one hundred and fifty million." Thus everything was done without judgment. and the

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αὐτῶν προαπέτεμον. πολλοὺς δὲ καὶ διὰ τὰς οὐσίας ἐφόνευεν, ετερ' αττα σφίσιν ἐπεγκαλῶν. καὶ ὁ τῆς ∆ρουσίλλης τῆς ἀδελφῆς αὐτοῦ θάνατος οὐ μείους διέφθειρεν, ῃ συνῴκει μὲν Μάρκος Λέπιδος παιδικὰ αμα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐραστὴς ων, συνῆν δὲ καὶ ὁ Γάιος. ἀποθανοῦσαν ουν πολλῶν μὲν καὶ αλλων ἠξίωσεν, ειτα καὶ ἀπεθέωσε. μετ' ὀλίγον δὲ εγημε Λολλίαν Παυλῖναν, αὐτὸν τὸν ανδρα αὐτῆς ἐγγυῆσαι αὐτῷ τὴν γυναῖκα βιάσας, ινα μὴ ἀνέγγυον αὐτὴν λαβὼν παρανομήσῃ. ̓Εν στενωπῷ δέ ποτε πηλὸν πολὺν θεασάμενος, ἐκέλευσεν αὐτὸν εἰς τὰ τοῦ ἀγορανομοῦντος τότε καὶ τῆς τῶν ὁδῶν καθάρσεως ἐπιμελουμένου ἱμάτια ἐμβληθῆναι. Οὐεσπασιανὸς δὲ τότε ην ἀγορανομῶν· ωστε υστερον ἐκείνου τὰ πράγματα τεταραγμένα καὶ πεφυρμένα παραλαβόντος καὶ καταστήσαντος εδοξεν οὐκ ἀθεεὶ τὸ τότε συμβὰν γεγονέναι, ἀλλ' αντικρυς αὐτῷ τὴν πόλιν πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν παρὰ Γαΐου ἐγχειρισθῆναι. ∆ιηνεκῶς δὲ πολλοὺς ὁ Γάιος ἐφόνευε, καὶ ην εξω τῶν φόνων οὐδέν. καὶ οὐδὲ τῷ πλήθει τι ἐχαρίζετο, κἀκεῖνοι πάνυ αὐτῷ ἀπηχθάνοντο· πολλὰ μὲν γὰρ καὶ αλλα αὐτῷ μὴ ἀρέσκοντα ελεγόν τε καὶ επραττον, πρὸς δὲ τοῖς ἠγανάκτει δεινῶς οτι μεγαλύνοντες αὐτόν "νεανίσκε Αυγουστε" ἐπεβόων. οὐ γὰρ μακαρίζεσθαι ἡγεῖτο οτι νέος ων ἐμονάρχει, ἀλλ' ἐγκαλεῖσθαι οτι ἐν ἡλικίᾳ τοιαύτῃ τηλικαύτην ειχεν ἀρχήν. ἐχρημάτιζε δὲ ἐκ τρόπου παντός, ἀργυρισμοῦ 3.17 αλλοτε αλλας ἐφευρίσκων λαβάς· καὶ ἀζήμιος τῶν γέ τι ἐχόντων οὐδεὶς οὐκ ἀνήρ, οὐ γυνὴ καταλέλειπτο. καν τινας καὶ τῶν ἀφηλικεστέρων ζῆν εια, ἀλλὰ πατέρας τε καὶ πάππους μητέρας τε ὀνομάζων καὶ τήθας καὶ ζῶντας ἐξεκαρποῦτο καὶ τελευτώντων τὰς οὐσίας ἐκληρονόμει. ̓Ελάσαι δὲ διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης τρόπον τινὰ καὶ διιππεῦσαι ἐπεθύμησε, καὶ ἐγεφύρωσε τὸ μεταξὺ τῶν Ποτιόλων καὶ τῶν Βαύλων. τὸ δὲ χωρίον τοῦτο κατ' ἀντιπέραν τῆς πόλεώς ἐστι, διέχον αὐτῆς σταδίους εξ καὶ εικοσι. πλοῖα δὲ εἰς τὴν γέφυραν τὰ μὲν κατεσκευάσθη, τὰ δὲ ἠθροίσθη. ἀφ' ουπερ καὶ λιμὸς εν τε τῇ ̓Ιταλίᾳ καὶ ἐν τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ μάλιστα ἰσχυρὸς ἐγένετο. ὁ δὲ τὸν τοῦ ̓Αλεξάνδρου, ὡς ελεγε, θώρακα ἐνδυσάμενος καὶ ἐπ' αὐτῷ χλαμύδα σηρικὴν ἁλουργῆ πολὺ μὲν χρυσίον, πολλοὺς δὲ λίθους ̓Ινδικοὺς εχουσαν, καὶ ξίφος περιζωσάμενος καὶ ἀσπίδα λαβὼν δρυΐ τε στεφανωσάμενος, σπουδῇ καθάπερ ἐπὶ πολεμίαν εἰς τὴν πόλιν εἰσήλασε, παμπληθεῖς ἱππεῖς τε καὶ πεζοὺς ὡπλισμένους ἐπαγόμενος· καὶ αλλα δέ τινα τοιαῦτα ποιήσας καὶ ἑαυτὸν ἀποσεμνύνας ἐν δημηγορίᾳ διὰ ταῦτα ἐς τὸν ∆αρεῖον καὶ τὸν Ξέρξην ἀπέσκωπτεν, ὡς πολλαπλάσιον η ἐκεῖνοι τῆς θαλάσσης μέτρον ζεύξας αὐτός. Αἰτία δὲ θανάτου πολλοῖς καὶ αυτη ἡ γέφυρα γέγονε. χρήματα γὰρ εἰς αὐτὴν ἀναλώσας ἀμύθητα πολλῷ πλείοσι διὰ τὰς οὐσίας ἐπεβούλευσεν. ωστε ̓Ιούνιός τις Πρίσκος στρατηγὸς ᾐτιάθη μὲν ἐπ' αλλοις τισίν, ἀπέθανε δὲ ὡς πλούσιος· μαθὼν δὲ ὁ Γάιος οτι οὐδὲν αξιον τοῦ θανάτου ἐκέκτητο, ειπεν οτι "ἠπάτησέ με καὶ μάτην ἀπώλετο· ζῆν γὰρ ἠδύνατο." Αφρος δὲ ∆ομίτιος παρὰ μικρὸν κινδυνεύσας παρα3.18 δόξως ἐσώθη. ἐπί τινι γὰρ αἰτίᾳ ἐς τὸ συνέδριον ἀγαγὼν αὐτόν, λόγον κατ' αὐτοῦ ἀνέγνω μακρόν, νικᾶν γὰρ ἠξίου πάντας τοὺς ῥήτορας, καὶ τὸν ∆ομίτιον δεινότατον οντα εἰπεῖν ὑπερβαλεῖν ἐσπούδασεν, ὁ δὲ ουτε τι ἀντεῖπεν ουτ' ἀνταπελογήσατο, θαυμάζεν δὲ τὴν τοῦ Γαΐου δεινότητα προσεποιεῖτο καὶ καταπλήττεσθαι, καὶ ἠντιβόλει τε καὶ ἱκέτευε, τὸν ῥήτορα μᾶλλον η τὸν Καίσαρα φοβεῖσθαι λέγων. καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις ἡσθεὶς ἐκεῖνος, καὶ πιστεύσας τῇ τῶν λόγων δεινότητι κρατῆσαι αὐτοῦ, ἐπαύσατο τῆς ὀργῆς. Ειτα εἰς τὴν Γαλατίαν ἀφώρμησεν ὡς τάχα τῶν Κελτῶν τι παρακινούντων, καὶ τοὺς μὲν πολεμίους οὐδέν τι εβλαψε, τοὺς δ' ὑπηκόους καὶ τοὺς συμμάχους καὶ τοὺς πολίτας πλεῖστα ἐκάκωσε. κυβεύων δέ ποτε, καὶ γνοὺς ὡς οὐκ εχει ἀργύριον, ῃτησε τὰς τῶν Γαλατῶν ἀπογραφάς. καὶ κελεύσας θανατωθῆναι τοὺς πλουσιωτάτους αὐτῶν, ἐπανῆλθε πρὸς τοὺς συγκυβευτὰς καὶ ειπεν ὡς "περὶ ὀλίγων δραχμῶν ὑμεῖς ἀγωνίζεσθε, ἐγὼ δὲ μυρίας καὶ πεντακισχιλίας ηθροισα μυριάδας." ουτως ἀκρίτως πάντα ἐγίνετο. καὶ τὸν