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And an indescribable amount of ash was blown up, so that it was scattered over all the land and the sea and the air and the fish and the birds were destroyed, and two cities, both Herculaneum and Pompeii, were buried while their populace was sitting in the theater. So great was the ash that some of it came to Africa and to Syria and to Egypt and to Rome itself; from which a pestilential disease later broke out. Titus, therefore, sent both colonists to the Campanians and bestowed money on them, both other funds and the property of those who died without heirs. He himself accepted nothing from anyone, although many were offering; and he restored many of the public works from his own funds. And he held marvelous games, in which he would throw small wooden balls from above, having a symbol, one of some food, another of clothing, another of gold, horses, beasts of burden, cattle, slaves; which those who seized them, taking them to their 3.57 distributors, received what was inscribed. His also is that famous saying when he said, "Today I have not reigned, since I have done good to no one." In his second year, Linus, the first bishop of the Roman church, upon dying, handed over the high priesthood to Anencletus. In the following year, Titus passed away, as rumor has it, plotted against by his brother, but as some write, having fallen ill. However, while he was still breathing and might perhaps have been able to survive, Domitian threw him into a chest full of snow, as if the disease needed some kind of cooling. And as he was expiring, he is said to have said that, "I have erred in one thing only;" but what this was he did not make clear. Some, therefore, say that he had Domitia, his brother's wife, but others that he did not kill Domitian when he was clearly plotting against him, but was instead destroyed by him and handed over the rule of the Romans to such a man. While Titus was still breathing, Domitian rode off to Rome and entered the camp and took the title and power of emperor. He was rash and quick to anger and 3.58 treacherous and secretive; and he truly loved no man except for certain women, but he pretended to love the one whom he most wanted to kill. He was indeed untrustworthy even toward those who gratified him and served him in the most terrible matters. And whenever some people had either procured for him the most money or had falsely accused many, he would destroy them, so that the wrongdoings might seem to proceed from them alone. And being most wicked, he held the friends of his father and his brother in dishonor, and he even destroyed some. And he sent away his wife Domitia as if for adultery, after killing Paris the dancer in the middle of the street because of her, and he lived with his niece Julia openly as with a wife. Then, at the people's request, he was reconciled with Domitia, but he treated Julia no less as his own. And after this, having set out for Gaul, and having plundered some of the treaty-allies beyond the Rhine, he became puffed up as if he had accomplished something great and increased the pay for the soldiers, supposedly on account of the victory. For whereas each man received seventy-five drachmas, he ordered one hundred to be given. But having regretted it, he did not reduce the amount, but he curtailed the number of those serving. And from both sides he greatly harmed the public treasury, making his defenders not sufficient and these highly paid. And he was equally vexed by both those who courted him and those who did not, with the former as flatterers, and with the latter as looking down on him. And while feigning false victories, he was appointed consul for ten years, and censor for life. And many of the subjects of the Romans revolted, since money was being exacted from them by force, as did also the Nasamones. 3.59 For they destroyed the collectors of the money and the governor of Numidia, Flaccus, who came against them, they defeated so completely as to even sack his camp. And finding in it both other provisions and wine, they became full and fell asleep. And when Flaccus learned this, he attacked them and killed them all and destroyed all the non-combatants. At which the

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καὶ τέφρα δὲ ἀνεφυσήθη ἀμύθητος, ὡς τῆς τε γῆς καὶ τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ τοῦ ἀέρος κατασκεδασθῆναι παντὸς καὶ τοὺς ἰχθύας τά τε ορνεα διαφθαρῆναι, καὶ δύο πόλεις, τό τε ̔Ερκουλάνεον καὶ τοὺς Πομπηίους, ἐν θεάτρῳ τοῦ δήμου αὐτῶν καθημένου, καταχωσθῆναι. τοσαύτη δ' ην ἡ τέφρα ωστε τι αὐτῆς καὶ ἐς ̓Αφρικὴν ἐλθεῖν καὶ εἰς Συρίαν καὶ εἰς τὴν Αιγυπτον καὶ εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ̔Ρώμην· ἐξ ης υστερον λοιμώδης νόσος ἐνέσκηψεν. ̔Ο δ' ουν Τίτος τοῖς Καμπανοῖς καὶ οἰκιστὰς επεμψε καὶ χρήματα ἐδωρήσατο αλλα τε καὶ τὰ τῶν ἀκληρονομήτων. αὐτὸς δὲ οὐδὲν παρ' οὐδενός, καίτοι πολλῶν διδόντων, ἐδέξατο· πολλὰ δὲ τῶν δημοσίων εργων ἀνέστησεν οικοθεν. καὶ ἀγῶνας ἐποίησε θαυμαστούς, ἐν οις σφαιρία ξύλινα μικρὰ ανωθεν ἐρρίπτει, σύμβολον εχοντα τὸ μὲν ἐδωδίμου τινός, τὸ δὲ ἐσθῆτος, αλλο χρυσοῦ, ιππων, ὑποζυγίων, βοσκημάτων, ἀνδραπόδων· α οἱ ἁρπάζοντες πρὸς τοὺς 3.57 δοτῆρας αὐτῶν ἀπάγοντες τὸ ἐπιγεγραμμένον ἐλάμβανον. Τούτου ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ἀοίδιμος ἐκείνη φωνὴ εἰπόντος "σήμερον οὐκ ἐβασίλευσα, ἐπεὶ οὐδένα εὐηργέτησα." Τούτου τῷ δευτέρῳ ετει Λίνος ὁ πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος τῆς ̔Ρωμαίων ἐκκλησίας τελευτῶν ̓Ανεγκλήτῳ τὴν ἀρχιερωσύνην παρέδωκε. Τῷ δ' ἐπιγενομένῳ ετει μετήλλαξεν ὁ Τίτος, ὡς μὲν φήμη κρατεῖ, πρὸς τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ἐπιβουλευθείς, ὡς δ' ενιοι γράφουσι, νοσήσας. εμπνουν μέντοι αὐτὸν ετι οντα καὶ τάχα περιγενέσθαι δυνάμενον ἐς λάρνακα πλήρη χιόνος ὁ ∆ομετιανὸς ἐνέβαλεν, ὡς δεομένης τῆς νόσου τάχα τινὸς περιψύξεως. ἀποψύχων δὲ εἰπεῖν λέγεται οτι "εν μόνον ἐπλημμέλησα·" τί δὲ τοῦτο ην οὐ διεσάφησε. τινὲς μὲν ουν λέγουσιν οτι τὴν ∆ομιτίαν εσχε τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, ετεροι δὲ οτι τὸν ∆ομετιανὸν οὐκ ἀπέκτεινεν ἐπιβουλεύοντά οἱ σαφῶς, ἀλλ' αὐτός τε ὑπ' ἐκείνου ἐφθάρη καὶ τὴν τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων ἀρχὴν ἀνδρὶ τοιούτῳ ἐξέδωκεν. Ετι γοῦν τοῦ Τίτου ἐμπνέοντος ὁ ∆ομετιανὸς εις τε τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἀφίππευσε καὶ εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον εἰσελήλυθε καὶ τὴν ἐπίκλησιν καὶ τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος ελαβεν. ην δὲ θρασὺς καὶ ὀργίλος καὶ 3.58 ἐπίβουλος καὶ κρυψίνους· ανθρωπον δὲ ἐφίλησε μὲν ἀληθῶς οὐδένα πλήν τινων γυναικῶν, ἐπλάττετο δὲ ἀγαπᾶν ον μάλιστα κτεῖναι ηθελεν. απιστος γοῦν καὶ πρὸς τοὺς χαριζομένους αὐτῷ καὶ ὑπηρετοῦντας εἰς τὰ δεινότατα ην. καὶ ὁπότε τινὲς αὐτῷ η πλεῖστα πορίσειαν χρήματα η πολλοὺς συκοφαντήσειαν, τούτους ἐκτίννυεν, ιν' ὑπ' αὐτῶν μόνων δοκῇ προβαίνειν τὰ ἀδικήματα. κάκιστος δὲ ων καὶ τοὺς τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ φίλους ἀτίμως ειχε, τοὺς δὲ καὶ διώλεσε. καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ ∆ομιτίαν ὡς ἐπὶ μοιχείᾳ ἀπεπέμψατο, τὸν Πάριν τὸν ὀρχηστὴν ἐν μέσῃ τῇ ὁδῷ δι' αὐτὴν φονεύσας, καὶ τῇ ἀδελφιδῇ ̓Ιουλίᾳ συνῆν ἀπαρακαλύπτως ὡς γαμετῇ. ειτα δεηθέντος τοῦ δήμου κατηλλάγη μὲν τῇ ∆ομιτίᾳ, ἐχρῆτο δ' οὐδὲν ηττον τῇ ̓Ιουλίᾳ. Καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα εἰς Γαλατίαν ἐξορμήσας, καὶ λεηλατήσας τινὰ τῶν πέραν ̔Ρήνου τὸν ἐνσπόνδων, ὠγκοῦτο ως τι μέγα κατωρθωκὼς καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐπηύξησε τὴν μισθοφοράν, τάχα διὰ τὴν νίκην. πέντε γὰρ καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα δραχμὰς ἑκάστου λαμβάνοντος, ἑκατὸν ἐκέλευσε δίδοσθαι. μεταμεληθεὶς δὲ τὴν μὲν ποσότητα οὐκ ἐμείωσε, τὸ δὲ πλῆθος τῶν στρατευομένων συνέστειλε. καὶ ἑκατέρωθεν μεγάλα τὸ δημόσιον εβλαψε, μήθ' ἱκανοὺς τοὺς ἀμύνοντας αὐτῷ καὶ τούτους μεγαλομίσθους ποιήσας. καὶ τοῖς θεραπεύουσι δὲ καὶ τοῖς μή, ἀμφοτέροις ὁμοίως ηχθετο, τοῖς μὲν ὡς θωπεύουσι, τοῖς δὲ ὡς καταφρονοῦσι. νίκας δὲ ψευδεῖς προσποιούμενος, υπατος μὲν ἐπ' ετη δέκα, τιμητὴς δὲ διὰ βίου κεχειροτόνητο. Πολλοὶ δὲ τῶν ὑποτελῶν ̔Ρωμαίοις ἀφίσταντο, χρήματα βιαίως πρασσόμενοι, ὡς καὶ οἱ Νασαμῶνες. 3.59 τούς τε γὰρ τῶν χρημάτων πράκτορας εφθειραν καὶ τὸν Νουμιδίας αρχοντα Φλάκκον ἐπελθόντα σφίσιν ηττησαν ουτως ὡς πορθῆσαι καὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον. εὑρόντες δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ ταλλα τε ἐπιτήδεια καὶ οινον, ἐμπλησθέντες υπνωσαν. καὶ γνοὺς ὁ Φλάκκος τοῦτο ἐπέθετο αὐτοῖς καὶ πάντας ἀπώλεσε καὶ τοὺς ἀπομάχους διέφθειρεν απαντας. ἐφ' ῳ ὁ