401

command. For he was not annoyed if anything was done by someone even against his judgment, but looked to its advantage for him. Once when he was passing by, a certain woman petitioned him, and when he said, "I have no time," the woman cried out, "Then do not be emperor." And he immediately turned back and attended to her request. And all great and necessary matters he did not handle privately, but with the senators, and he judged from the tribunal with the leading men, so that the proceedings would be made public, and he was present with the consuls when they judged; and he always had the best men around him and dined with the leading and best men, and his common meal was full of all kinds of conversation; and he visited3.73 his friends who were very ill and joined his associates in their celebrations. And when he came to Rome, he proclaimed a cancellation of debts for those who owed money to the imperial treasury and to the public treasury of the Romans. Then, going from one province to another, he inspected the lands and the cities, and he remodeled each for the better. And not only did he personally oversee and examine the common affairs of the camps, but also those of each individual. And as many as he found living too luxuriously, he led and reformed toward a more military life, and he trained the soldiers for every kind of battle and taught them what they needed to do. And some he honored, and others he admonished, and he lived more harshly, so that the army might see him and become accustomed to living that way itself. As a result, he made the soldiers such that a squadron of cavalry, along with their weapons, swam across the Ister with ease, and the barbarians, seeing these things, were astounded, so that they even used this emperor as a mediator for the things about which they had waged war against each other. He was also zealous about hunting, so much so that some of his limbs were broken in these pursuits; and in Mysia he founded a city, calling it Hadrian's Hunt. And going to Egypt and coming upon the ruined tomb of Pompey Magnus, he both made offerings to the deceased and spoke this verse: "for one abounding in temples, how great a lack of a tomb there was," and he rebuilt the monument. And in Palestine, having built a city in place of the razed Jerusalem, he named it Aelia Capitolina, and where the temple of God had formerly been established, he established in its place another sanctuary for Zeus. But the Jews, not 3.74 bearing to see others enjoying their own metropolis—for Greeks were settled in it—nor tolerating that foreign gods be honored in it, remained quiet with caution as long as Hadrian was staying near both Egypt and Syria; but when he departed from there, they seized the strategic points of the country, so that they might have them as bases of operation, and they inflicted many evils on the Romans both secretly and openly, with the Jews from all over the world gathering there and many foreigners assisting them out of a desire for gain. Hadrian, however, sent the most distinguished of his generals against the Jews, chief among whom was Julius Severus. He did not judge it advantageous to engage the enemy in a pitched battle, being wary of their numbers and their desperation, but by cutting them off from supplies and shutting them in, and wherever he had occasion, leading his soldiers against detachments of them, over a longer period but with less risk he wore down and exhausted their nation, so that very few survived. For fifty of their strongest fortresses were overthrown, and nine hundred and eighty-five of their most famous villages were razed to the ground; and fifty-eight myriads of men were slaughtered in the raids and battles. But the number of those who perished by famine and disease and fire, being unascertainable, is not known, so that almost all of Judaea was made desolate. This the divine power had also indicated to them by certain signs before the war. For the monument of Solomon, from no apparent cause, both broke apart and collapsed, and very many wolves and hyenas rushed into their cities howling. However, many Romans also perished then, so that Hadrian, 3.75 writing to the senate, did not use the customary preamble. which was "if you and your children are well,

401

κελεύσματος. οὐ γὰρ ἠγανάκτει, ει τι καὶ παρὰ γνώμην αὐτοῦ πρός τινος ἐγίνετο, τὸ δ' ἀφώρα πρὸς τὴν αὐτοῦ λυσιτέλειαν. παριόντος δ' αὐτοῦ ποτε γυνή τις ἐδέετο, καὶ εἰπόντος ὡς "οὐ σχολάζω," ἀνέκραξεν ἡ γυνή "καὶ μὴ βασίλευε." ὁ δὲ αὐτίκα τε ἐπεστράφη καὶ προσέσχε τῇ δεομένῃ. καὶ πάντα δὲ τὰ μεγάλα καὶ ἀναγκαῖα οὐκ ἰδίᾳ, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τῶν βουλευτῶν επραττε, καὶ μετὰ τῶν πρώτων ἐδίκαζεν ἀπὸ βήματος, ωστε δημοσιεύεσθαι τὰ γινόμενα, καὶ τοῖς ὑπάτοις συνδικάζουσι παρεγίνετο· ἀεί τε περὶ αὐτὸν τοὺς ἀρίστους ειχε καὶ μετὰ τῶν πρώτων καὶ τῶν ἀρίστων συνεδείπνει, καὶ ην αὐτῷ πλῆρες λόγων παντοδαπῶν τὸ συσσίτιον· τούς τε πάνυ νοσοῦντας τῶν φίλων ἐπε3.73 σκέπτετο καὶ συνδιῃτᾶτο τῶν συνήθων τοῖς ἑορτάζουσιν. ̓Επεὶ δ' ἐς τὴν ̔Ρώμην ηκε, χρεοκοπίαν ἐκήρυξε τοῖς οφλουσι τῷ βασιλικῷ ταμείῳ καὶ τῷ δημοσίῳ τῷ τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων. ειτα εἰς αλλην ἐξ αλλης φοιτῶν ἐπαρχίαν, καὶ τὰς χώρας ἐπεσκέπτετο καὶ τὰς πόλεις, καὶ μετεσκεύαζεν εκαστον πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον. καὶ οὐ τὰ κοινὰ τῶν στρατοπέδων μόνον ἐφώρα δι' ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἐξήταζε, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ τοῦ καθ' εκαστον. καὶ οσους πρὸς τὸ ἁβρότερον ευρισκεν ἐκδεδιῃτημένους, πρὸς τὸ στρατιωτικώτερον μετῆγε καὶ μετερρύθμιζε, καὶ πρὸς παντοίαν μάχην τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐγύμναζε καὶ ἐδίδασκεν απερ εδει ποιεῖν. καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἐτίμα, τοὺς δὲ ἐνουθέτει, καὶ διῃτᾶτο σκληρότερον, ιν' ὁρῴη τὸ στρατιωτικὸν αὐτόν, καὶ ουτω διαιτᾶσθαι κἀκεῖνο ἐθίζοιτο. ἐντεῦθεν τοὺς στρατιώτας τοιούτους ἐποίησεν ὡς καὶ ἱπποτῶν ιλην σύν γε τοῖς οπλοις τὸν Ιστρον εὐμαρῶς διανήξασθαι, καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ταῦθ' ὁρῶντας ἐκπλήττεσθαι, ωστε καὶ χρᾶσθαι διαλλακτῇ τούτῳ τῷ αὐτοκράτορι ἐφ' οις ἀλλήλοις ἐκπεπολέμωντο. ἐσπούδαζε δὲ καὶ περὶ θήρας, ὡς ἐν ταύταις καί τινά οἱ μέλη κατεαγῆναι· καὶ ἐν Μυσίᾳ πόλιν ῳκισεν ̓Αδριανοῦ θήρας καλέσας αὐτήν. εἰς Αιγυπτον δὲ ἀπιὼν καὶ τῷ τάφῳ Πομπηίου Μάγνου διεφθαρμένῳ περιτυχών, καὶ ἐνήγισε τῷ κειμένῳ καὶ τοῦτ' ειπε τὸ επος τῷ ναοῖς βρίθοντι πόση σπάνις επλετο τύμβου καὶ τὸ μνῆμα ἀνῳκοδόμησεν. ̓Εν δὲ Παλαιστίνῃ πόλιν οἰκοδομήσας ἀντὶ τῆς κατασκαφείσης ̔Ιερουσαλὴμ Αἰλίαν Καπιτωλῖναν ὠνόμασε, καὶ ενθα πρῴην ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ νεὼς ιδρυτο, τῷ ∆ιὶ τέμενος ἀνθιδρύσατο ετερον. ̓Ιουδαῖοι δὲ μὴ 3.74 φέροντες τῆς σφῶν παραπολαύοντας μητροπόλεως αλλους ὁρᾶν, Ελληνες γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ κατῳκίσθησαν, μηδὲ ξενικοὺς τιμᾶσθαι θεοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ ἀνεχόμενοι, εως μὲν ̓Αδριανὸς παρά τε τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ τῇ Συρίᾳ διέτριβεν, ἠρέμουν διευλαβούμενοι ἐπεὶ δ' ἐκεῖθεν ἀπῆλθε, τά τε τῆς χώρας ἐπίκαιρα κατελάμβανον, ιν' εχοιεν αὐτὰ ὁρμητήρια, καὶ πολλὰ τοὺς ̔Ρωμαίους ἐκάκωσαν λάθρᾳ τε καὶ ἀναφανδόν, τῶν τε ἁπανταχοῦ γῆς ̓Ιουδαίων συνιόντων ἐκεῖ καὶ πολλῶν ἀλλοφύλων ερωτι κέρδους συνεπικουρούντων αὐτοῖς. ὁ μέντοι ̓Αδριανὸς τοὺς ἐπιφανεστάτους τῶν στρατηγῶν τοῖς ̓Ιουδαίοις ἐπήγαγεν, ων ἐπῆρχε Σευῆρος ̓Ιούλιος. ος κατὰ συστάδην συμβαλεῖν τοῖς ἐναντίοις οὐκ εκρινε σύμφορον, τὸ πλῆθος αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν ἀπόγνωσιν εὐλαβούμενος, τροφῆς δὲ σφᾶς ἀπείργων καὶ κατακλείων, εστι δ' ου καὶ οπῃ παρήκοι τοὺς στρατιώτας μοίραις αὐτῶν ἐπάγων, χρονιώτερον μέν, ἀκινδυνότερον δὲ τὸ εθνος αὐτῶν ἐξέτριψέ τε καὶ ἐξετρύχωσεν, ὡς κομιδῇ βραχίστους περιγενέσθαι. φρούρια μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν τὰ κρείττω πεντήκοντα κατεστράφησαν, κῶμαι δὲ πέντε καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα ἐπ' ἐνακοσίαις ὀνομαστόταται κατεσκάφησαν· ἀνδρῶν δὲ μυριάδες ὀκτὼ καὶ πεντήκοντα ἐν ταῖς καταδρομαῖς καὶ ταῖς μάχαις ἐσφάγησαν. τὸ δὲ πλῆθος τῶν λιμῷ καὶ νόσοις καὶ πυρὶ φθαρέντων ἀνεξερεύνητον τυγχάνον οὐκ εγνωσται, ωστε πᾶσαν σχεδὸν τὴν ̓Ιουδαίαν ἐρημωθῆναι. ο καὶ πρὸ τοῦ πολέμου αὐτοῖς συμβόλοις τισὶ τὸ θεῖον ἐνέφηνε. τό τε γὰρ μνημεῖον τοῦ Σολομῶντος ἐξ οὐδεμιᾶς δήλης αἰτίας διελύθη τε καὶ συνέπεσε, καὶ λύκοι καὶ υαιναι πλεῖσται εἰς τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν εἰσέπιπτον ὠρυόμεναι. πολλοὶ μέντοι καὶ ̔Ρωμαῖοι τότε ἀπώλοντο, ωστε καὶ ̓Αδρια3.75 νὸς γράφων πρὸς τὴν βουλὴν οὐ τῷ συνήθει προοιμίῳ ἐχρήσατο. τὸ δ' ην "εἰ καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ παῖδες ὑμῶν