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it is said that he also burned the decree of the senate, which had been made by order of Julius Caesar, ordaining that no one be permitted to make a will, unless he left a specified portion to the public treasury. Hence it is customary even to this day to write in wills that "and to the imperial treasury I leave this." Antoninus Pius died an old man, by a most gentle death resembling sleep, having reigned for twenty-four years. In his first year, Telesphorus, bishop of Rome, having completed the eleventh year of his ministry and been crowned with martyrdom, as Irenaeus has related, found a most blessed end; and Hyginus was established in his place on the throne of Rome. In his time Valentinus became a heresiarch, and Cerdon the leader of the heresy after Marcion. When Hyginus departed this life after having presided over the church of Rome for four years, Pius presided over the church of the Romans. And of the Alexan3.81drians, Mark led after Eumenes, who had completed thirteen years in the high priesthood. And after Mark had departed to another life after a decade, Celadion took over the ministry. And in Rome, when Pius had passed away in the fifteenth year of his episcopate, Anicetus was appointed in his place. At which time Justin, the philosopher and martyr, flourished, contending for the true doctrine, who also published a writing against Marcion and composed an apology on behalf of the Christians to Antoninus Pius. Wherefore this emperor, being moved, sent a decree to the community of Asia that no Christian should be punished on account of his religion, but if anyone were accused by someone for this reason, the accused should be acquitted, and the accuser become liable to punishment. These things happened in the time of Pius. And after his death, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, who had become his adopted son, as has been related, received the absolute rule; and immediately he made Lucius Verus Commodus, the son of Lucius Commodus, partner in the empire. For Marcus was both weak in body and was devoted to letters, so that even after becoming emperor he was not ashamed to attend a teacher's school, but also studied philosophy with Sextus the Boeotian and conversed with Hermogenes the rhetorician; and rather he laid claim to the Stoic doctrines. But Lucius, being younger, was robust for toils and was naturally suited to the handling of military affairs. Wherefore Marcus, having joined this man to his 3.82 daughter Lucilla, entrusted to him the war against the Parthians, since Vologaeses had shot down many Romans with arrows and destroyed the whole army, and had shown himself an enemy to the Romans and was advancing terribly against the cities of Syria. So Lucius, having come to Antioch, assigned the troops to Cassius; who, having engaged Vologaeses, defeated him and pursued him as far as Seleucia, and burned this city and razed his palaces in Ctesiphon. And these things brought Lucius swelling pride and arrogance, so that after this he even plotted against his father-in-law and emperor. But before he could do anything, he was destroyed by poison. Thereupon Cassius was appointed governor of all Asia. And the emperor warred for a long time against the barbarians around the Ister, both the Iazyges and the Marcomanni and others at other times, using Pannonia as a base of operations. And the Celts from beyond the Rhine advanced as far as Italy; among whose dead were also found the armed bodies of women. And he ruled so prudently and with such self-control that in such great wars he neither said anything flattering to the soldiers nor did anything out of fear. And when he was not occupied with wars, he administered justice, and he ordered more water to be poured for the orators speaking against the water-clock, so that he might accurately ascertain justice from every side. And he was also industrious, so as to administer justice even at night. And he neither did nor wrote nor said anything as a secondary task, believing that the emperor ought not to do anything as a secondary task, not even the least thing, and this despite having a weak body. Therefore this emperor 3.83 subdued the Marcomanni and the Iazyges with many and great struggles and dangers; and a grievous war was also brought upon him against the Quadi, and

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ᾳδεται οτι καὶ τὸ τῆς συγκλήτου κατέκαυσε ψήφισμα, ο κατ' ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ ̓Ιουλίου γέγονε Καίσαρος, θεσπίζον μηδενὶ ἐφεῖσθαι διαθήκην ποιεῖν, εἰ μὴ μέρος ὡρισμένον τῷ κοινῷ καταλείψει ταμείῳ. οθεν νομίζεται καὶ μέχρι τοῦδε ταῖς διαθήκαις ἐγγράφεσθαι οτι "καὶ τῷ βασιλικῷ ταμείῳ καταλιμπάνω τόδε." ἀπεβίω δὲ ὁ Εὐσεβὴς ̓Αντωνῖνος γηραιός, θανάτῳ υπνῳ ἐοικότι μαλακωτάτῳ, μοναρχήσας ἐνιαυτοὺς σὺν τέσσαρσιν εικοσι. Τούτου τῷ πρώτῳ ετει Τελεσφόρος ὁ ̔Ρώμης ἐπίσκοπος ἑνδέκατον ετος ἀνύσας ἐπὶ τῇ λειτουργίᾳ καὶ μαρτυρίῳ ταινιωθείς, ὡς Εἰρηναῖος ἱστόρησε, τέλος μακαριώτατον ευρατο· καὶ ἀνθιδρύθη εἰς τὸν τῆς ̔Ρώμης θρόνον ̔Υγῖνος. ἐφ' ου Οὐαλεντῖνος αἱρεσιάρχης ἐγένετο, καὶ Κέρδων τῆς κατὰ Μαρκίωνα αἱρέσεως ἀρχηγός. ̔Υγίνου δὲ μετὰ τὸ τέταρτον ετος τοῦ ̔Ρώμης ἀρχιερατεῦσαι ἐκλιπόντος τὸν βίον, Πίος τῆς ̔Ρωμαίων ἐκκλησίας προέστη. τῆς δ' ̓Αλεξαν3.81 δρέων Μάρκος ἡγήσατο μετὰ Εὐμένη τρισκαιδέκατον ετος ἀνύσαντα ἐν τῇ ἀρχιερωσύνῃ. καὶ τοῦ Μάρκου μετὰ δεκαετίαν μεταχωρήσαντος πρὸς ἑτέραν ζωήν, Κελαδίων τὴν λειτουργίαν παρέλαβε. κἀν τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ τοῦ Πίου ἐκλελοιπότος πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ ἐνιαυτῷ τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς, ἀντικατέστη ̓Ανίκητος. οτε καὶ ὁ φιλόσοφος καὶ μάρτυς ηκμαζεν ̓Ιουστῖνος, τοῦ ὀρθοῦ λόγον ὑπεραγωνιζόμενος, ος καὶ κατὰ Μαρκίωνος ἐξέθετο σύγγραμμα καὶ πρὸς τὸν εὐσεβῆ ̓Αντωνῖνον ἀπολογίαν ὑπὲρ χριστιανῶν συνεγράψατο. οθεν ὁ αὐτοκράτωρ ουτος ὁρμηθεὶς δόγμα τῷ κοινῷ τῆς ̓Ασίας ἐπέστειλε μηδένα χριστιανὸν διὰ τὴν θρησκείαν κολάζεσθαι, ἀλλὰ καν τις ὑπό του διὰ ταύτην κατηγοροῖτο, τὸν μὲν κατηγορούμενον ἀπολύεσθαι, τὸν δὲ κατήγορον δίκης ενοχον γίνεσθαι. ταῦτα συνέβη ἐπὶ τοῦ Εὐσεβοῦς. Μετὰ δὲ τὴν τελευτὴν αὐτοῦ Μάρκος Αὐρήλιος ̓Αντωνῖνος εἰσποιητὸς αὐτῷ γεγονώς, ὡς ἱστόρηται, τὴν αὐταρχίαν ἐδέξατο· καὶ αὐτίκα κοινωνὸν τοῦ κράτους πεποίηται Λούκιον Βῆρον Κόμοδον, τὸν Λουκίου τοῦ Κομόδου υἱόν. ην μὲν γὰρ ὁ Μάρκος καὶ ἀσθενὴς τὸ σαρκίον, ἐσχόλαζε δὲ καὶ λόγοις ουτως ωστε καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ γενόμενος οὐκ ᾐδεῖτο ἐς διδασκάλου φοιτᾶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ Σέξτῳ συνεφιλοσόφει τῷ Βοιωτῷ καὶ ̔Ερμογένει τῷ ῥήτορι προσωμίλησε· μᾶλλον δ' ἀντεποιεῖτο τῶν Στωικῶν. ὁ δέ γε Λούκιος νεώτερος ων καὶ πρὸς πόνους ερρωτο καὶ ἐπεφύκει πρὸς στρατιωτικῶν μεταχείρισιν. οθεν τῇ 3.82 θυγατρὶ Λουκίᾳ τοῦτον ὁ Μάρκος συνάψας αὐτῷ τὸν πρὸς Πάρθους ἀνέθετο πόλεμον, τοῦ Οὐολογαίσου πολλοὺς ̔Ρωμαίων κατατοξεύσαντος καὶ ολον τὸ στρατόπεδον διαφθείραντος καὶ πολέμιον ̔Ρωμαίοις ἑαυτὸν ἀποφήναντος καὶ φοβερὸν ἐπιόντα τῆς Συρίας ταῖς πόλεσιν. εἰς γοῦν ̓Αντιόχειαν ὁ Λούκιος γεγονὼς Κασσίῳ τὰ στρατεύματα ενειμεν· ος τῷ Οὐολογαίσῳ συμβαλὼν ηττησέ τε καὶ μέχρι Σελευκείας ἐδίωξε, καὶ ταύτην ἐνέπρησε καὶ τὰ βασίλεια αὐτοῦ τὰ ἐν Κτησιφῶντι κατέσκαψε. τῷ δὲ Λουκίῳ ταῦτα ογκον περιεποίει καὶ φρόνημα, ωστε μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐπιβουλεῦσαι τῷ κηδεστῇ τε καὶ αὐτοκράτορι. πρὶν δέ τι δρᾶσαι φαρμάκῳ διώλετο. ̓Εντεῦθεν ὁ Κάσσιος τῆς ̓Ασίας ἁπάσης ἐπίτροπος προκεχείριστο. ὁ δ' αὐτοκράτωρ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ιστρον βαρβάροις, ̓Ιάζυξί τε καὶ Μαρκομάννοις καὶ αλλοτε αλλοις χρόνον συχνὸν ἐπολέμησε, τῇ Παιονίᾳ κεχρημένος ὁρμητηρίῳ. καὶ οἱ ὑπὲρ τὸν ̔Ρῆνον Κελτοὶ εως ̓Ιταλίας ἐπήλασαν· ων ἐν τοῖς νεκροῖς καὶ γυναικῶν σώματα ὡπλισμένα εὑρέθη. ουτω δὲ καὶ σωφρόνως καὶ ἐγκρατῶς ηρχεν ωστε ἐν τηλικούτοις πολέμοις μήτε τι θωπευτικὸν πρὸς τοὺς στρατιώτας εἰπεῖν μήτε τι φόβῳ ποιῆσαι. οτε δὲ μὴ πολέμοις ἐσχόλαζεν, ἐδίκαζε, καὶ τοῖς ῥήτορσι πρὸς υδωρ λέγουσι πλεῖον ἐγχεῖσθαι τὸ υδωρ ἐκέλευεν, ιν' εχοι πάντοθεν τὸ δίκαιον ἀκριβοῦν. ην δὲ καὶ φιλόπονος, ὡς καὶ νυκτὸς δικάζειν. καὶ οὐδὲν ἐν παρέργῳ ουτ' ἐποίει ουτ' εγραφεν ουτ' ελεγε, μὴ δεῖν νομίζων τὸν αὐτοκράτορα ἐν παρέργῳ τι πράττειν μηδὲ τοὐλάχιστον, καὶ ταῦτα σώματος τυχὼν ἀσθενοῦς. Μαρκομάννους μὲν ουν καὶ ̓Ιάζυγας πολλοῖς καὶ μεγάλοις ἀγῶσι καὶ κινδύνοις ὁ αὐτοκράτωρ ουτος 3.83 ὑπέταξε· πρὸς δὲ τοὺς Κουάδους καὶ πόλεμος αὐτῷ βαρὺς συγκεκρότητο, καὶ