410

bringing with him a great multitude of guards, so that through them he might frighten both the senate and the people. And he said to the senate 3.96 that "you also are in need of a ruler and I, if any other, am most worthy to lead you." Therefore, even if he was hated on account of his boasting and on account of the hoplites who had surrounded the senate house, yet on account of fear he secured absolute power even from the senate; and he went up to the palace. On the next day the members of the senate approached him, so that they might not be seen to be displeased with him, but the people were openly sullen; and when the emperor entered the assembly they all cried out as if by a signal, calling him a patricide and a usurper of the empire. And when he pretended not to be angry and promised them some money, they were indignant as being bribed, and they all shouted out "we do not want it, we do not accept it." But Julianus ordered those who said these things to be killed. And the people were still more provoked, and they remembered Pertinax and mocked Julianus. And many in many places of the city, being wounded and killed, held out, and taking up arms they ran together to the hippodrome, where they spent night and day without food, calling upon the other soldiers, and especially Pescennius Niger and those with him in Syria. Then exhausted by hunger and lack of sleep they dispersed and kept quiet. And Julianus, having thus seized the empire, used it illiberally, flattering the senate and those who had any power, granting some things, and promising others; and he did everything to court the powerful, yet he was not trusted. And these things were done in Rome; but the commanders of the armies, being three, both 3.97 Severus, ruler of Pannonia, and Niger of Syria, and Albinus of Britain, having learned the things about him, were set in motion for the deposition of Julianus. And Severus, being more formidable than the others, reasoned that, if they should depose Julianus, the three of them among themselves would dispute about the empire. Therefore he decided to make one of them his own. And because Niger happened to be further away from him, and he guessed he was proud having been summoned by the people, as has been said, he inclined towards Albinus, and wrote to him in secret that he would make him Caesar. And he remained in his place, confident that he would share the empire with Severus. But Severus hurried towards Rome. And Julianus, having learned these things, both prepared the senate to vote Severus an enemy, and prepared for war, and fortified the palace with railings and strong doors; for since he thought that the soldiers would not have easily killed Pertinax at all, if indeed he had been shut in, he supposed that he would be able by being shut up in it to survive, if he were defeated. He also killed Laetus, and sent many men against Severus to assassinate the man. But when that man invaded Italy and won over Ravenna, and those who were sent went over to him, and the guards were growing cowardly because of the presence of Severus, having called together the members of the senate he ordered them to vote Severus a partner with him in the empire. And when Severus wrote to the soldiers that they would suffer no harm if they handed over the murderers of Pertinax, being persuaded they both arrested those men and to Silius Messala the consul they reported these things 3.98. And he, having gathered the senate in the Athenaeum, so called because in it those being educated performed their exercises, communicated to it the matters from the soldiers. And the senate voted death for Julianus, and immediately proclaimed Severus emperor. And thereupon Julianus was murdered in the palace, saying "What terrible thing have I done, and whom have I killed?" He lived sixty years and four months and the same number of days, having ruled for sixty days. Severus, however, having taken absolute power, condemned to death the soldiers who were the actual murderers of Pertinax, but the others he reproached most bitterly, deprived them of their arms, took away their horses and drove them out of Rome. and thus he entered Rome

410

δορυφόρους παμπληθεῖς ἐπαγόμενος, ινα δι' ἐκείνων καὶ τὴν γερουσίαν καὶ τὸν δῆμον δεδίξηται. καὶ ειπε πρὸς τὴν βουλὴν 3.96 οτι "καὶ ὑμεῖς αρχοντος δέεσθε καὶ αὐτός, εἰ καί τις αλλος, ἀξιώτατός εἰμι ἡγεμονεῦσαι ὑμῶν." εἰ ουν καὶ ἐμισεῖτο διὰ τὴν μεγαλαυχίαν καὶ διὰ τοὺς τὸ βουλευτήριον κυκλωσαμένους ὁπλίτας, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ δέος κἀκ τῆς βουλῆς τὴν αὐταρχίαν ἐβεβαιώσατο· καὶ ἀνῆλθεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον. Τῇ δ' ὑστεραίᾳ οἱ μὲν τῆς βουλῆς προσῆλθον αὐτῷ, ινα μὴ φωραθεῖεν ἀχθόμενοι ἐπ' αὐτῷ, ὁ δὲ δῆμος φανερῶς ἐσκυθρώπαζε· καὶ ἐς τὸ συνέδριον ἐλθόντος τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος ἐξέκραγον ὡς ἐκ συνθήματος απαντες, πατροφόνον αὐτὸν καλοῦντες καὶ αρπαγα τῆς ἀρχῆς. ἐκείνου δὲ μὴ χαλεπαίνειν προσποιουμένου καὶ ἀργύριόν τι σφίσιν ὑπισχνουμένου ἠγανάκτησαν ὡς δεκαζόμενοι, καὶ ξύμπαντες ἐξεβόησαν "οὐ θέλομεν, οὐ λαμβάνομεν." ὁ δὲ ̓Ιουλιανὸς τοὺς ταῦτα λέγοντας ἐκέλευσε κτείνεσθαι. καὶ ὁ δῆμος ετι παρώξυντο, καὶ τοῦ τε Περτίνακος ἐμέμνηντο καὶ ἐς τὸν ̓Ιουλιανὸν ἀπέσκωπτον. καὶ πολλοὶ πολλαχοῦ τῆς πόλεως τιτρωσκόμενοι καὶ κτεινόμενοι ἀντεῖχον, καὶ οπλα λαβόντες συνέδραμον εἰς τὸν ἱππόδρομον, ενθα νύκτα τε καὶ ἡμέραν διήγαγον ασιτοι ἐπιβοώμενοι τοὺς λοιποὺς στρατιώτας, καὶ μᾶλλον τὸν Νίγρον τὸν Πεσκέννιον καὶ τοὺς μετ' αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ Συρίᾳ οντας. ειτα τῷ λιμῷ καὶ τῇ ἀγρυπνίᾳ κακωθέντες διελύθησαν καὶ ἡσύχαζον. ̓Ιουλιανὸς δὲ ουτως τὴν ἀρχὴν ἁρπάσας ἀνελευθέρως αὐτῇ ἐχρῆτο, θωπεύων τὴν βουλὴν καὶ τούς τι δυναμένους, καὶ τὰ μὲν χαριζόμενος, τὰ δ' ἐπαγγελλόμενος· καὶ πάντα ἐπὶ θεραπείᾳ ἐποίει τῶν δυνατῶν, οὐ μέντοι καὶ ἐπιστεύετο. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν κατὰ τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἐπράττετο· οἱ δὲ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἡγεμόνες τρεῖς οντες, ο τε 3.97 Σευῆρος τῆς Παννονίας αρχων, τῆς Συρίας δ' ὁ Νίγρος, τῆς Βρεττανίας δὲ ὁ ̓Αλβῖνος, εἰς καθαίρεσιν τοῦ ̓Ιουλιανοῦ τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ μαθόντες κεκίνηντο. τῶν αλλων δὲ ὁ Σευῆρος δεινότερος ων ἐλογίσατο ὡς, εἰ τὸν ̓Ιουλιανὸν καταλύσουσι, σφίσιν αὐτοῖς οἱ τρεῖς ἀμφισβητήσουσι περὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς. εγνω τοίνυν τὸν ενα προσοικειώσασθαι. οτι δὲ καὶ πορρωτέρω αὐτοῦ ὁ Νίγρος ἐτύγχανεν ων, καὶ μέγα φρονεῖν αὐτὸν εικαζεν ἐπικεκλημένον ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου, ὡς ειρηται, πρὸς τὸν ̓Αλβῖνον ἀπένευσε, καὶ δι' ἀπορρήτων αὐτῷ εγραψε Καίσαρα ποιήσειν αὐτόν. καὶ ος κατὰ χώραν εμεινεν, ὡς κοινωνήσει τῆς ἀρχῆς τῷ Σευήρῳ τεθαρρηκώς. ὁ δὲ Σευῆρος ἐπὶ τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἠπείγετο. Καὶ ὁ ̓Ιουλιανὸς ταῦτα μαθὼν πολέμιόν τε ψηφίσασθαι τὸν Σευῆρον τὴν βουλὴν παρεσκεύασε, καὶ πρὸς πόλεμον ἡτοιμάζετο, καὶ τὸ παλάτιον κιγκλίσι καὶ θύραις ἰσχυραῖς ἐκρατύνατο· οτι γὰρ ἐνόμιζε μὴ αν ποτε ῥᾳδίως τοὺς στρατιώτας κτανεῖν τὸν Περτίνακα, ει γε δὴ συνεκέκλειστο, ῳετο ὡς δυνήσεται κατακλεισθεὶς ἐν αὐτῷ περιγενέσθαι, αν ἡττηθῇ. ἐφόνευσε δὲ καὶ τὸν Λαῖτον, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Σευῆρον καθῆκε συχνοὺς ὡς τὸν ανδρα δολοφονήσοντας. ἐπεὶ δ' ἐκεῖνος εἰς τὴν ̓Ιταλίαν εἰσέβαλε καὶ τὴν ̔Ράβενναν ᾠκειώσατο, καὶ οἱ πεμπόμενοι προσεχώρουν αὐτῷ, καὶ οἱ δορυφόροι διὰ τὴν παρουσίαν Σευήρου ἐδειλαίνοντο, συγκαλέσας τοὺς τῆς βουλῆς ἐκέλευε κοινωνὸν αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς τὸν Σευῆρον ψηφίσασθαι. τοῦ δὲ Σευήρου τοῖς στρατιώταις μηδὲν κακὸν πείσεσθαι γράψαντος ἐκδοῦσι τοὺς σφαγεῖς τοῦ Περτίνακος, πεισθέντες ἐκείνους τε συνέλαβον καὶ τῷ Σιλίῳ Μεσσάλᾳ ὑπατεύοντι ταῦτα 3.98 ἐμήνυσαν. ὁ δὲ τὴν βουλὴν ἀθροίσας εἰς τὸ ̓Αθήναιον, ουτω καλούμενον ὡς ἐν αὐτῷ τῶν παιδευομένων ποιουμένων τὴν ασκησιν, τὰ παρὰ τῶν στρατιωτῶν αὐτῇ ἐκοινώσατο. καὶ ἡ βουλὴ τοῦ μὲν ̓Ιουλιανοῦ κατεψηφίσατο θάνατον, τὸν δὲ Σευῆρον ἀνεῖπεν εὐθὺς αὐτοκράτορα. κἀντεῦθεν ἐν τῷ παλατίῳ ὁ ̓Ιουλιανὸς ἐφονεύθη, εἰπών "τί γὰρ δεινὸν ἐποίησα, καὶ τίνα ἀπέκτεινα;" ἐβίω δὲ ετη ἑξήκοντα πρὸς μησὶ τέσσαρσι καὶ ἰσαρίθμοις ἡμέραις, αρξας ἡμέρας ἑξήκοντα. Σευῆρος μέντοι τὴν αὐταρχίαν λαβὼν τοὺς μὲν αὐτόχειρας τοῦ Περτίνακος τῶν στρατιωτῶν θανάτῳ ἐδικαίωσε, τοὺς δ' αλλους ὀνειδίσας πικρότατα τῶν τε οπλων ἀπεῖρξε καὶ τοὺς ιππους ἀφείλετο καὶ τῆς ̔Ρώμης ἀπήλασε. καὶ ουτως εἰς τὴν ̔Ρώμην εἰσήλασε