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while lunch was being prepared, and a few were following with him. As he was going away, horsemen met him; when they were not far off from him, and neither dismounted from their horses nor did any other of the things that were customary to be done for emperors, he asked those present, "what do these men want?" And they answered, "to remove you from power." And he immediately gave the rein to his horse and turned to flight. And he would have escaped those plotting against him by the speed of his horse, had he not come upon a channel of water; for the horse, having become afraid to cross this, stopped, and so the pursuers caught up. And someone hurled a spear at him. And he, having been struck, was brought down from his horse, and having lasted for a short time, died from the flow of blood, having reigned for fifteen years including those of his father. He was ambitious in his mind and wishing to grant favors to all, and no one who asked him failed. Nor indeed did he punish those who had opposed him or had attached themselves to the usurpers. Some, then, have related that Gallienus was killed in this way, but others say that he was slain by Heraclianus the prefect. For when Aureolus was commanding in Gaul and had risen up against him and come to Italy with his forces, Gallienus also set out against him. But at night Heraclianus approached him as he was sleeping in his tent, having shared in the plot also with Claudius, a most3.149 capable general, announcing that Aureolus was already attacking with a heavy force. And he, disturbed by the suddenness of the news, leaping up from his bed and half-naked, was asking for his weapons. And Heraclianus struck him a fatal blow and killed him. In his times, Xystus, who presided over the church of the Romans for eleven years, died, and Dionysius succeeded him. But also, when Demetrianus, who was shepherding the flock of Christ in Antioch, had completed his life, Paul of Samosata took over the church, who dogmatized lowly things concerning Christ, that he was by nature a common man and not God. Against him the shepherds of the other churches, having gathered in a synod, in which were present also Gregory the wonderworker and his own brother Athenodorus, convicted him of thinking wrongly concerning Christ, and deposed him. But when he did not obey to depart from the church, Aurelian, who was then ruling, having received a petition concerning this from the orthodox, issued a decree, that the church should be assigned to those to whom the bishops throughout Rome and Italy should agree. Thence Paul was driven from the church with dishonor, and Domnus was brought in instead. Gallienus having been killed, however, Claudius was proclaimed Caesar. And Aureolus, laying down his arms, submitted to him; who, attempting to usurp power again, was killed by the soldiers. Claudius, being a good man and cleaving to justice, forbade all from seeking the property of others from the emperor. 3.150 For it had been customary for emperors to be able to bestow even the property of others; whence also the laws still remaining in the state have had their origin. A certain woman therefore came forward, whose land he himself before his reign had taken by an imperial gift, saying, "Claudius the master of the horse has wronged me." And he said, "What Claudius as a private citizen took away, when he cared nothing for the laws, this he restores as emperor." In Rome, at any rate, the senate, having learned of the assassination of Gallienus, put his brother and his son to death. Postumus, however, still being a usurper, and barbarians having crossed the Maeotian Lake into both Asia and Europe and plundering them, and counsel having been proposed as to which war should be undertaken first, Claudius said that "the war against the usurper is my concern, but the war against the barbarians is the state's concern, and it is necessary that the one of the state be preferred." The barbarians overran many countries, and were besieging Thessalonica; which is said to have been called Emathia in ancient times, but was renamed Thessalonica after Thessalonike, the daughter of Philip and wife of Cassander. But of that city

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ἐφεστώσης ἀρίστου, καὶ ὀλίγων συνεφεπομένων αὐτῷ. ἀπιόντι δὲ συναντῶσιν ἱππεῖς· ων οὐ πόρρω που ἀφεστώτων αὐτοῦ, καὶ μήτε τῶν ιππων ἀποβάντων μήτε τι ετερον ποιούντων α πρὸς βασιλεῖς νενόμιστο γίνεσθαι, ηρετο τοὺς παρόντας ἐκεῖνος "τί ουτοι βούλονται;" οἱ δέ "παῦσαί σε τῆς ἀρχῆς" ἀπεκρίθησαν. καὶ ος αὐτίκα τῷ ιππῳ τὸν χαλινὸν ἐνδοὺς εἰς φυγὴν ἐτράπη. καὶ καν διέφυγε τοὺς ἐπιβουλεύοντας τῇ ταχυτῆτι τοῦ ιππου, εἰ μὴ υδατος ἐνέτυχεν ὀχετῷ· παρελθεῖν γὰρ τοῦτον ὁ ιππος ἀποδεδειλιακὼς εστη, καὶ ουτω κατέλαβον οἱ διώκοντες. καί τις κατ' αὐτοῦ τὸ δόρυ ἠκόντισεν. ὁ δὲ πληγεὶς τοῦ ιππου κατήνεκτο, καὶ ἐπὶ μικρὸν διαρκέσας ἐκ τῆς τοῦ αιματος ἐτελεύτησε ῥύσεως, βασιλεύσας ἐνιαυτοὺς πεντεκαίδεκα σὺν τοῖς τοῦ πατρός. ην δὲ τὴν γνώμην φιλότιμος καὶ πᾶσι θέλων χαρίζεσθαι, καὶ οὐδεὶς αἰτούμενος αὐτὸν διημάρτανεν. ουτε μὴν τοὺς ἐναντιωθέντας αὐτῷ η προστεθέντας τοῖς τυραννήσασιν ἐτιμωρήσατο. Οἱ μὲν ουν ουτως ἱστόρησαν ἀναιρεθῆναι τὸν Γαλιῆνον, οἱ δὲ παρὰ ̔Ηρακλειανοῦ τοῦ ἐπάρχου σφαγῆναι τοῦτόν φασι. τοῦ γὰρ Αὐριόλου ἐν Κελτοῖς στρατηγοῦντος καὶ ἐπαναστάντος αὐτῷ ηκοντός τε ἐπὶ ̓Ιταλίαν σὺν ταῖς δυνάμεσι, καὶ ὁ Γαλιῆνος κατ' ἐκείνου ἐξώρμησε. νυκτὸς δὲ πρόσεισιν αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ καθεύδοντι ὁ ̔Ηρακλειανός, κεκοινωνηκὼς τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς καὶ Κλαυδίῳ ἀνδρὶ στρατηγικω3.149 τάτῳ, ἀπαγγέλλων ὡς Αὐρίολος ηδη επεισι μετὰ βαρείας δυνάμεως. ὁ δὲ πρὸς τὸ τῆς ἀγγελίας αἰφνίδιον τεθορυβημένος, τῆς κλίνης ἀναθορὼν καὶ ἡμίγυμνος ῃτει τὰ οπλα. καὶ ὁ ̔Ηρακλειανὸς πλήττει τοῦτον καιρίαν καὶ ἀποκτίννυσιν. ̓Εν τοῖς τούτου χρόνοις Ξύστος ὁ τῆς ̔Ρωμαίων ἐκκλησίας προστὰς ἐπ' ετη ενδεκα τελευτᾷ, καὶ ∆ιονύσιος αὐτὸν διαδέχεται. ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ ἐν ̓Αντιοχείᾳ τὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ ποιμαίνοντος ποίμνην ∆ημητριανοῦ τὴν ζωὴν ἐκμετρήσαντος Παῦλος ὁ Σαμοσατεὺς παραλαμβάνει τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, ος ταπεινὰ περὶ Χριστοῦ ἐδογμάτισεν, ὡς ἀνθρώπου κοινοῦ τὴν φύσιν γενομένου καὶ οὐ θεοῦ. καθ' ου σύνοδον οἱ τῶν λοιπῶν ἐκκλησιῶν ποιμένες συνηθροικότες, ἐν ῃ παρῆν καὶ Γρηγόριος ὁ θαυματουργὸς καὶ ὁ τούτου αὐτάδελφος ̓Αθηνόδωρος, ηλεγξαν αὐτὸν κακῶς φρονοῦντα περὶ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἀπεκήρυξαν. μὴ πειθομένου δ' ἐκείνου τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἐκστῆναι, Αὐρηλιανὸς τότε κρατῶν, καὶ εντευξιν περὶ τούτου δεξάμενος παρὰ τῶν ὀρθοδόξων, διάταγμα εθετο, ἐκείνοις νεμηθῆναι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν οις αν οἱ κατὰ τὴν ̔Ρώμην καὶ τὴν ̓Ιταλίαν ἐπίσκοποι πρόσθοιντο. ἐντεῦθεν ἀτίμως ἐξηλάθη τῆς ἐκκλησίας ὁ Παῦλος, καὶ ἀντεισήχθη ∆όμνος. Τοῦ μέντοι Γαλιήνου ἀνῃρημένου Κλαύδιος ἀνερρήθη Καῖσαρ. καὶ ὁ Αὐρίολος τὰ οπλα καταθέμενος αὐτῷ ὑπετάγη· ος αυθις τυραννῆσαι ἐπιχειρῶν ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν διεφθάρη. Κλαύδιος δὲ χρηστὸς τυγχάνων ἀνὴρ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ στοιχῶν, ἀπηγόρευσε πᾶσι ζητεῖν ἐκ βασιλέως ἀλλότρια πράγματα. 3.150 νενόμιστο γὰρ τοὺς βασιλεῖς δύνασθαι δωρεῖσθαι καὶ τὰ ἀλλότρια· οθεν καὶ οἱ ετι κείμενοι νόμοι παρὰ τῇ πολιτείᾳ ἐσχήκασι τὴν ἀρχήν. προσῆλθεν ουν γυνή τις, ης χωρίον αὐτὸς πρὸ τῆς βασιλείας εἰλήφει ἐκ βασιλικῆς δωρεᾶς, λέγουσα "Κλαύδιος ὁ ιππαρχος ἠδίκησέ με." ὁ δέ "οπερ ὁ Κλαύδιος ἰδιώτης ων ἀφείλετο" ειπεν "ἡνίκα μή τι αὐτῷ τῶν νόμων εμελε, τοῦτο βασιλεύσας ἀποκαθίστησιν." ̓Εν ̔Ρώμῃ δέ γε ἡ σύγκλητος μαθοῦσα τὴν τοῦ Γαλιήνου ἀναίρεσιν, τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἐκείνου καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἐθανάτωσαν. τοῦ μέντοι Ποστούμου τυραννοῦντος ετι, καὶ βαρβάρων διὰ τῆς Μαιώτιδος διαβάντων λίμνης εἰς ̓Ασίαν τε καὶ Εὐρώπην καὶ ληιζομένων αὐτάς, βουλῆς τε προτεθείσης τίνι πρότερον ἐπιχειρητέον πολέμῳ, ὁ Κλαύδιος εφη ὡς "ὁ πρὸς τὸν τύραννον πόλεμος ἐμοὶ διαφέρει, ὁ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους τῇ πολιτείᾳ, καὶ χρὴ τὸν τῆς πολιτείας προτιμηθῆναι." Οἱ βάρβαροι δὲ πολλὰς μὲν κατέδραμον χώρας, τὴν δέ γε Θεσσαλονίκην ἐπολιόρκουν· η πάλαι μὲν ̓Ημαθία καλεῖσθαι λέγεται, Θεσσαλονίκη δὲ μετονομασθῆναι ἐκ τῆς Φιλίππου μὲν θυγατρός, Κασάνδρου δὲ γυναικὸς Θεσσαλονίκης. ἀλλ' ἐκείνης μὲν τῆς πόλεως