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The forces of Darius no longer held out, but turned to flight. From this battle, at any rate, a great turn of fortune came to Alexander; for both Sardis surrendered to him and the other places joined him. From there he turned to the coastland, and took both Pamphylia and Cilicia and Phoenicia, Pisidia and Phrygia; then he subdued the Paphlagonians and Cappadocians. 1.289 But Darius set out from Susa with six hundred thousand men, puffed up by the size of his army and having the confidence that Alexander was afraid, because he tarried for a long time in Cilicia. But this was because of an illness, when he had been given up by the other physicians, but Philip the Acarnanian alone dared to treat him with medicine. And when Parmenion had already written to him that Philip had been corrupted by Darius with great gifts and promises, if he should do away with him, he read the letter and, revealing it to no one, kept it by him. And just as Philip brought the cup of medicine to him, he confidently accepted it, and handed the letter to him. And the one drank, while the other read, looking at each other, Alexander with a gracious and cheerful expression, but Philip with a terrified and troubled one. And as Darius hurried against Alexander, in order, as he said, that the enemy might not escape, Amyntas, a Macedonian deserter with him, said, "Be of good courage, O king; for Alexander will not flee, but will soon march against you." And when the battle was joined at Issus in Cilicia, the place, because of its narrowness, gave a great advantage to Alexander, but he provided more for himself by skillfully commanding. when he was also wounded in the thigh with a sword, fighting among the front ranks. And having won a conspicuous victory, he did not capture the fleeing Darius, but he took his chariot and his bow. And the camp of Darius was plundered by the Macedonians, but Darius's tent was set apart for Alexander, with its attendants and wealth and the rest of its furnishings. Then someone reports to him that the mother and wife of Darius and two 1.290 daughters were being led captive, wailing as if Darius were dead, since they had seen that his chariot and bows had been taken. And being deeply moved by the report because of the instability of fortune, he sends someone to the women to say that Darius is alive and that nothing unpleasant will happen to them; for he did not consider Darius an enemy, but was contending with him for the kingdom. And he neither took away any of their attendants nor came into their sight, nor did he permit them to suffer or expect anything unworthy from anyone. And having already conquered at Issus, he became master also of Damascus, where the Persians and Darius himself had left both their money and most of their baggage. And after this, both Cyprus and Phoenicia, except for Tyre, were handed over to him. But Tyre was taken by siege, after Alexander had seen two dreams while besieging it: for Heracles seemed to be calling him from the wall and welcoming him with his right hand; the other dream showed him a Satyr playing near him, and when he wanted to seize him, he escaped, but came into his hands late. And this dream was interpreted as showing him, by a division of the name, that "Tyre will be yours." Then, while besieging Gaza, a great city of Syria, he was struck in the shoulder by a stone, but he took the city. And having become master of Egypt, he wished to found a Greek city in it in his own name, and he had already set apart a certain place for the city. And while he was sleeping, a man seemed to stand by him, grey-haired and venerable, and the one who appeared was Homer, and to say these verses, 1.291 Then there is an island in the much-surging sea, in front of Egypt; and they call it Pharos. Leaping up, therefore, he immediately went to Pharos, and being pleased with the natural advantages of the place, he founded the city there, connecting it to the mainland by a causeway, as it was formerly an island. And it is said that, pleased by the natural suitability of the place, he said that Homer was great in other respects, and also a wise architect. And as he was going to the temple of Ammon through a waterless and sandy place, the one accompanying him in all things

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∆αρείου οὐκέτι ἀντεῖχον, ἀλλ' εκλιναν εἰς φυγήν. ἐκ γοῦν τῆς μάχης ταύτης πολλή τις ἐγένετο πρὸς εὐτυχίαν τῷ ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ φορά· αι τε γὰρ Σάρδεις οἱ προσεχώρησαν καὶ ταλλα προσέθεντο. ἐντεῦθεν εἰς τὴν παραλίαν ἐτράπετο, καὶ τήν τε Παμφυλίαν εσχε καὶ Κιλικίαν τε καὶ Φοινίκην Πισιδίαν τε καὶ Φρυγίαν· ειτα Παφλαγόνας καὶ Καππαδόκας ἐχειρώσατο. 1.289 ∆αρεῖος δὲ ἐκ Σούσων σὺν ἑξήκοντα μυριάσιν ωρμησε, τῷ τε πλήθει τῆς στρατιᾶς ἐπηρμένος καὶ θράσος εχων ὡς δειλιῶντος ̓Αλεξάνδρου, οτι ἐπὶ μακρὸν ἐκεῖνος ἐν Κιλικίᾳ διέτριβε. τὸ δὲ διὰ νόσον ην, οτε πρὸς τῶν αλλων μὲν ἀπέγνωστο ἰατρῶν, Φίλιππος δὲ μόνος ὁ ̓Ακαρνὰν ἐθάρσησε φαρμακεῦσαι αὐτόν. τοῦ δὲ Παρμενίωνος φθάσαντος ἐπιστεῖλαι αὐτῷ ὑπὸ ∆αρείου διεφθάρθαι τὸν Φίλιππον δωρεαῖς μεγάλαις καὶ ὑποσχέσεσιν, εἰ αὐτὸν ἀνέλοι, τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἐπῆλθε καὶ μηδενὶ περὶ αὐτῆς ἐκφήνας ειχε παρ' ἑαυτῷ. αρτι δὲ τοῦ Φιλίππου τὴν κύλικα τοῦ φαρμάκου προσαγαγόντος αὐτῷ, αὐτὸς μὲν θαρρῶν ἐδέξατο ταύτην, ἐκείνῳ δὲ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἐνεχείρισε. καὶ ὁ μὲν επινεν, ὁ δὲ ἀνεγίνωσκεν, ἐνορῶντες ἀλλήλοις, ὁ μὲν ̓Αλέξανδρος ἐν οψει χαριέσσῃ καὶ ἱλαρᾷ, ὁ δὲ Φίλιππος ἐν περιδεεῖ καὶ τεθορυβημένῃ. τοῦ δὲ ∆αρείου σπεύδοντος ἐπ' ̓Αλέξανδρον, ιν', ὡς ελεγε, μὴ ἀποδράσωσιν οἱ πολέμιοι, Μακεδὼν ̓Αμύντας ων αὐτόμολος παρ' αὐτῷ "θάρρει" εφη, "ω βασιλεῦ· οὐ γὰρ φεύξεται ὁ ̓Αλέξανδρος, ἀλλ' οσον ηδη βαδιεῖται πρὸς σέ." ̓Εν ̓Ισσῷ δὲ τῆς Κιλικίας τῆς μάχης συγκροτηθείσης, πολλὴν μὲν καὶ ὁ τόπος διὰ τὴν στένωσιν παρέσχε τῷ ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ ῥοπήν, πλείω δ' αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ δεξιῶς στρατηγήσας. οτε καὶ τὸν μηρὸν ἐπλήγη ξίφει, ἐν τοῖς προμάχοις ἀγωνιζόμενος. περιφανῶς δὲ νικήσας ∆αρεῖον μὲν οὐχ ειλε φυγόντα, τὸ αρμα δὲ καὶ τὸ τόξον αὐτοῦ ελαβε. τὸ δὲ ∆αρείου στρατόπεδον διηρπάγη παρὰ τῶν Μακεδόνων, ἡ μέντοι τοῦ ∆αρείου σκηνὴ τῷ ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ ἐξῄρητο μετὰ τῆς θεραπείας καὶ τοῦ πλούτου καὶ τῆς αλλης παρασκευῆς. ειτα τὴν μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα ∆αρείου καὶ δύο 1.290 θυγατέρας αἰχμαλώτους αγεσθαί τις ἀγγέλλει αὐτῷ, ὀλολυζούσας ὡς τεθνηκότος ∆αρείου, ἐπεὶ τὸ αρμα ἐκείνου καὶ τὰ τόξα ληφθέντα τεθέανται. περιπαθήσας δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἀγγελίαν διὰ τὸ τῆς τύχης ἀστάθμητον, πέμπει τινὰ πρὸς τὰς γυναῖκας ἐροῦντα οτι τε ζῇ ∆αρεῖος καὶ οτι αὐταῖς οὐδὲν ἀηδὲς ἀπαντήσεται· οὐ γὰρ ἐχθρὸν ἡγεῖσθαι ∆αρεῖον, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτῷ διαφέρεσθαι. ουτε δὲ τῆς θεραπείας ης ειχον ἀφείλετό τι ουτε εἰς οψιν ηλθεν αὐταῖς ουτε παρά του ἀνάξιόν τι ταύτας παθεῖν η προσδοκῆσαι ἠνέσχετο. Ηδη δὲ νενικηκὼς ἐν ̓Ισσῷ γέγονεν ἐγκρατὴς καὶ τῆς ∆αμασκοῦ, ενθα οἱ Πέρσαι καὶ ∆αρεῖος αὐτὸς τά τε χρήματα καὶ τῆς ἀποσκευῆς τὰ πλείω κατέλιπον. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα η τε Κύπρος καὶ ἡ Φοινίκη, τῆς Τύρου χωρίς, αὐτῷ ἐγκεχείριστο. ἡ δὲ Τύρος πολιορκίᾳ ἑάλω, διττοὺς ὀνείρους ἐν τῷ ταύτην πολιορκεῖν τοῦ ̓Αλεξάνδρου θεασαμένου· ἐδόκει γὰρ ὁ ̔Ηρακλῆς καλῶν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ τείχους καὶ δεξιούμενος· ὁ δ' ετερος ονειρος Σάτυρον αὐτῷ ἐδείκνυ προσπαίζοντα, καὶ βουλομένου συσχεῖν διαφεύγοντα, ὀψὲ δὲ εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθόντα αὐτῷ. ἐκρίθη δ' ουτος ὁ ονειρος δηλοῦν αὐτῷ κατὰ διαίρεσιν τοῦ ὀνόματος ὡς "σὰ Τύρος εσται." ειτα τὴν Γάζαν πολιορκῶν, πόλιν τῆς Συρίας μεγάλην, ἐπλήγη τὸν ωμον λίθῳ, τὴν δὲ πόλιν κατέσχε. κυριεύσας δὲ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἠβουλήθη πόλιν ἐν αὐτῇ ̔Ελληνίδα εἰς ονομα οἰκεῖον ἱδρύσασθαι, καί τινα τόπον ηδη τῇ πόλει ἀφώρισε. κοιμωμένῳ δὲ ἀνὴρ εδοξεν ἐπιστῆναι πολιός τε καὶ γεραρός, ειναι δὲ τὸν φανέντα τὸν Ομηρον, καὶ λέγειν τὰ επη ταῦτα, 1.291 νῆσος επειτά τις εστι πολυκλύστῳ ἐνὶ πόντῳ Αἰγύπτου προπάροιθε· Φάρον δέ ἑ κικλήσκουσιν. ἀναθορὼν ουν αὐτίκα πρὸς τὴν Φάρον ἀφίκετο, καὶ τῇ τοῦ τόπου ἀρεσθεὶς εὐφυΐᾳ ἐκεῖ τὴν πόλιν ἱδρύσατο, ἠπειρώσας αὐτὴν διὰ χώματος, νῆσον ουσαν τὸ πρότερον. λέγεται δὲ ὡς ἡσθεὶς τῇ τοῦ τόπου φυσικῇ ἐπιτηδειότητι εφη ὡς Ομηρος αρα ταλλα τε μέγας ην καὶ ἀρχιτέκτων σοφός. εἰς Αμμωνος δὲ ἱερὸν ἀπιὼν δι' ἀνύδρου καὶ ἀμμώδους τόπου, τὴν αὐτῷ παρομαρτοῦσαν ἐν απασιν