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creator and maker of every age and time and of all things in age and time, in no way at all conceiving anything co-eternal with Himself from eternity in any manner whatsoever, knowing that neither of two things co-existing with each other from eternity in their existence can be the maker of the other. For this is altogether illogical and inadmissible, and ridiculous to those who have sense, to make one the maker of the other among things that have their being at the same time. But let one accept that all things came to be entirely and wholly from the ever-existing God out of non-being, and not partially and incompletely, as wisely produced from an infinitely-knowing and infinitely-powerful cause, and that all things consist in Him, as guarded and maintained in an all-ruling foundation, and that all things return to Him, as each to its proper end, as the great Dionysius the Areopagite somewhere says.

A demonstrative contemplation of God's providence being naturally over all things. And he will be persuaded that He is the provider for existing things, through which that He is also God

he was taught, judging it to be just and reasonable, that there is no other guardian and caretaker of existing things than only the creator of existing things. For the very permanence of existing things and their order and position and motion, and the coherence of the extremes with one another through the means, with nothing being mutually destructive through opposition, and both the convergence of the parts towards the wholes, and the union of the wholes with the parts through the whole, and the unmixed distinction of the parts themselves from one another (1189) according to the peculiar difference of each, and their unconfused union according to the unalterable identity in the wholes, and the comparison and distinction of all things with all things, not to mention the particulars, and the succession of all things and of each according to its kind, being always preserved, with the proper principle of nature being in no way corrupted for anything nor confused with or confusing another, clearly shows that all things are held together by the providence of God who made them. For it is not possible for God, being good, not to be in every way beneficent, nor, being beneficent, not to be in every way provident, and for this reason, caring for existing things in a manner befitting God, wisely to bestow upon them, just as their being, so also His care. For Providence, according to the God-bearing Fathers, is the care for existing things which comes from God. And they also define it thus: Providence is the will of God through which all existing things receive their fitting administration. But if it is the will of God—that I might use the words of the teachers themselves—it is entirely necessary for things that come to be to come to be according to the right reason, admitting no better order, therefore, he who has chosen to have the truth as his guide will be led to say that He is in every way the Provider, whom he also truly knew as the maker of existing things, or of the one who made existing things, if even in living creatures, when, applying our intellect to existing things through rational approaches, we find a semblance, not ignobly conjecturing the things beyond reason. For seeing that they, according to their kind, naturally care for their own offspring, we too, with courage and pious confidence, piously define for ourselves the principle that God alone is the provider for all existing things, and not of some but not of others, as some of the pagan philosophers have said, but of all things together, according to one unalterable will of goodness, both of universals and of particulars, knowing that if all the particular things are destroyed by not receiving fitting providence and protection, the universals will also be destroyed along with them (for universals are by nature composed of particulars), the logical proof concerning this, through the reasonable

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παντός αἰῶνος καί χρόνου καί πάντων τῶν ἐν αἰῶνι καί χρόνῳ ποιητής τε καί δημιουργός, οὐδέν τό παράπαν ἐξ ἀϊδίου καθ᾿ ὁντιναοῦν τρόπον αὐτῷ συνεπινοῶν, εἰδώς ὅτι μηδέτερον τῶν ἅμα κατά τήν ὕπαρξιν ἀλλήλοις ἐξ ἀϊδίου συνόντων εἶναι δύναται τοῦ ἑτέρου ποιητικόν. Ἀσυλλόγιστον γάρ τοῦτο παντάπασι καί ἀνένδεκτον, καί τοῖς νοῦν ἔχουσι καταγέλαστον ἐπί τῶν ἐχόντων ἅμα τό εἶναι ποιεῖσθαι ἄλλο ἄλλου ποιητικόν. Ἀλλ᾿ ἐκ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀεί ὄντος τά πάντα ἐκ τοῦ μή ὄντος γενέσθαι παντελῶς τε καί ὁλικῶς, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ μερικῶς τε καί ἀτελῶς, ὡς ἐξ αἰτίας ἀπειρογνώστου καί ἀπειροδυνάμου σοφῶς παρηγμένα, δέξηται, καί ἐν αὐτῷ συνεστηκέναι τά πάντα, ὡς ἐν παντοκρατορικῷ πυθμένι φρουρούμενά τε καί διακρατούμενα, καί εἰς αὐτόν τά πάντα ἐπιστρέφεσθαι, καθάπερ εἰς οἰκεῖον ἕκαστα πέρας, ὡς που φησιν ὁ μέγας Ἀρεοπαγίτης ∆ιονύσιος.

Θεωρία ἀποδεικτική τοῦ εἶναι κατά φύσιν ἐπί πάντων τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ πρόνοιαν. Καί προνοητήν αὐτόν εἶναι πεισθήσεται τῶν ὄντων, δι᾿ ὧν ὅτι καί Θεός ἐστιν

ἐδιδάχθη, δίκαιον εἶναι κρίνων καί εὔλογον, μή ἄλλον εἶναι φύλακα καί ἐπιμελητήν τῶν ὄντων ἤ μόνον τόν τῶν ὄντων δημιουργόν. Αὐτή γάρ ἡ τῶν ὄντων διαμονή καί ἡ τάξις καί ἡ θέσις καί ἡ κίνησις, καί ἡ ἐν ἀλλήλοις τῶν ἄκρων διά τῶν μέσων συνοχή, μηδέν κατά τήν ἐναντιότητα λυμαινομένων ἀλλήλοις, ἤ τε τῶν μερῶν πρός τά ὅλα σύννευσις, καί τῶν ὅλων πρός τά μέρη δι᾿ ὅλου ἕνωσις, καί αὐτῶν πρός ἄλληλα τῶν μερῶν (1189) ἡ ἄμικτος διάκρισις κατά τήν ἰδιάζουσαν ἑκάστου διαφοράν, καί ἀσύγχυτος ἕνωσις κατά τήν ἀπαράλλακτον ἐν ὅλοις ταυτότητα, καί ἡ πάντων πρός πάντα, ἵνα μή τά καθ᾿ ἕκαστον λέγω, σύγκρισίς τε καί διάκρισις, καί ἡ πάντων καί ἑκάστου κατ᾿ εἶδος διαδοχή ἀεί φυλαττομένη, μηδενός τό παράπαν τοῦ οἰκείου τῆς φύσεως λόγου παραφθειρομένου καί πρός ἄλλο συγχεομένου τε καί συγχέοντος, δείκνυσι σαφῶς τά πάντα τῇ προνοίᾳ συνέχεσθαι τοῦ πεποιηκότος Θεοῦ. Οὐ γάρ οἷόν τέ ἐστιν ἀγαθόν ὄντα τόν Θεόν μή καί εὐεργετικόν πάντως εἶναι, μηδέ εὐεργετικόν ὄντα μή καί προνοητικόν πάντως εἶναι, καί διά τοῦτο τῶν ὄντων θεοπρεπῶς ἐπιμελούμενον σοφῶς αὐτοῖς ὥσπερ τό εἶναι καί τήν κηδεμονίαν χαρίζεσθαι. Πρόνοια γάρ ἐστι κατά τούς θεοφόρους Πατέρας ἡ ἐκ Θεοῦ εἰς τά ὄντα γινομένη ἐπιμέλεια. Ὁρίζονται δέ αὐτήν καί οὕτως, Πρόνοιά ἐστι βούλησις Θεοῦ δι᾿ ἥν πάντα τά ὄντα τήν πρόσφορον διεξαγωγήν λαμβάνει. Εἰ δέ Θεοῦ βούλησίς ἐστιν, ἵνα αὐτοῖς τῶν διδασκάλων χρήσωμαι τοῖς λόγοις, πᾶσα ἀνάγκη κατά τόν ὀρθόν λόγον γίνεσθαι τά γινόμενα, τήν κρείττω μή ἐπιδεχόμεα τάξιν, αὐτόν οὖν εἶναι προνοητήν ἐκ παντός τρόπου εἰπεῖν ἐναχθήσεται ὁ τήν ἀλήθειαν ὁδηγόν ἔχειν ἑλόμενος, ὅν καί ποιητήν ἔγνω τῶν ὄντων ἀληθῶς, ἤ τοῦ πεποιηκότος τά ὄντα, εἴπερ κἀν τοῖς ζώοις, ὅταν ταῖς κατά λόγον ἐφόδοις τοῖς οὖσιν ἐμβαλόντες ἡμῶν τό νοερόν εὑρίσκομεν ἔμφασιν, οὐκ ἀγενῶς τά ὑπέρ λόγον εἰκάζουσαν. Ἐκεῖνά τε γάρ ὁρῶντες κατά γένος τῶν ἐξ αὐτῶν φυσικῶς ἐπιμελούμενα, θαῤῥοῦντες καί ἡμεῖς τόν περί τοῦ προνοητήν μονώτατον εἶναι τόν Θεόν πάντων τῶν ὄντων μετ᾿ εὐσεβοῦς παῤῥησίας εὐσεβῶς ἑαυτοῖς λόγον διοριζόμεθα, καί οὐ τῶν μέν, τῶν δέ οὔ, καθάπερ τινές τῶν τά ἔξω φιλοσοφησάντων, ἀλλά πάντων ὁμοῦ, κατά μίαν τῆς ἀγαθότητος καί ἀπαράλλακτον βούλησιν, τῶν τε καθόλου καί τῶν καθ᾿ ἕκαστον, εἰδότες ὡς τῶν κατά μέρος πάντων τῷ μή προνοίας τυγχάνειν καί φυλακῆς τῆς πρεπούσης διαφθειρομένων καί τά καθόλου συνδιαφθαρήσεται (ἐκ γάρ τῶν κατα μέρος τά καθόλου συνίστασθαι πέφυκε), τήν περί τούτου λογικήν ἀπόδειξιν, διά τῆς εὐλόγου