469

they would confess that the unbegotten indicates the Father alone, conscious that if they were to force the 'unbegotten' to be the substance of God, they would be compelled, reasonably at least and consistent with themselves, to say that the 'incorporeal' is also of necessity the substance of God, and the 'without beginning', and the 'immortal', and the 'unchangeable', and the 'incorruptible', and all those things which God is said to be through privative negation on account of His preeminence, and thus they will be convicted of positing many substances of God, and not one, or rather, to speak more properly and more truly, of being afflicted with Hellenic polytheism, and being ashamed to say this as impious, they will certainly refrain from this madness, even if unwillingly. For privative or negative terms contemplated concerning something do not happen to be that very thing concerning which they are contemplated, since they would certainly be among those things signifying what it is, as being that thing itself, and not signifying what that thing is not; but if this were so, these things will be shown to be the definition of that (1224) concerning which they are spoken, which is absurd and impossible. For the definitions of things are not gathered from what they are not, but from what they are, unfolding the concise summary of the things, which is their name. Therefore, none of the things said to be of God or about God can ever be the substance of God, because not even a predication, which alone is fitting for God alone, unrelated, and entirely free from activity concerning something, can reveal that very thing according to what it is.

From the same discourse, on the text, "For just as it is not sufficient to say 'body', or 'having been born', in order to present and declare also that concerning which these things are said, but it is necessary also to state the subject of these things, if one is to present the meaning perfectly and adequately; for this thing that is in a body and is perishable is either a man or an ox or a horse. "

Since the saint saw that the heretics had but one struggle, to foolishly drag down the super-essential nature to their own level, and by technical methods, by a summary of knowledge according to them, to attempt to grasp, as they thought, the ungraspable power, which is equally incomprehensible to all creation, throughout the entire discourse he preferred to speak of God by means of privations and negations, not tolerating any predication or affirmation whatsoever, lest, seizing upon this, like shameless dogs with a bite, they might madly sink their venomous teeth into the word of truth, having an opportunity to propose and reason fallaciously in any way, and be able to bring their own zealous effort to a conclusion, by making use of any predication whatsoever given to them by the discourse concerning God. For this reason he declares that God is neither body, nor immaterial body, nor completely incorporeal, nor in the whole, nor in any part of the whole, nor above the whole, and, to speak simply, absolutely nothing at all and in no thing in any way, as is true, of the things that are seen or contained or spoken or thought or able to be known in any way whatsoever, slapping them away from every comprehensive notion concerning God as to what the substance is. Then, more shamefacedly leading them toward piety, and wishing to show from the inquiry into secondary things and those incomparably far from God that it is not permitted for anyone to dare even to think, let alone to speak, about God at all, he says these things. And indeed, also for the establishment of the things already said to them by way of privation and negation, so that, being conscious from this that even the precise comprehension of the least of created things surpasses the power of our rational activity, they might be able to check the irrational impulse of their rashness concerning things much greater, having learned in small things the weakness of their nature.

469

τόν Πατέρα μόνον δηλοῦν τό ἀγέννητον ὁμολογήσωσι, συνειδότες ὡς εἴπερ οὐσίαν Θεοῦ τό ἀγέννητον εἶναι βιάσαιντο, οὐσίαν Θεοῦ καί τό ἀσώματον ἐξ ἀνάγκης, καί τό ἄναρχον, καί τό ἀθάνατον, καί τό ἀναλλοίωτον, καί τό ἄφθαρτον, καί ὅσα διά τῆς στερητικῆς ἀναιρέσεως διά τήν ὑπεροχήν ὁ Θεός εἶναι λέγεται, λέγειν εἰκότως, ἑαυτοῖς γοῦν στοιχοῦντες, ἐκβιασθήσονται, καί οὕτω πολλάς οὐσίας Θεοῦ, καί οὐ μίαν, μᾶλλον δέ, κυριώτερον εἰπεῖν καί ἀληθέστερον, πολυθεΐαν Ἑλληνικήν νοσοῦντες ἐλεγχθήσονται, ὅπερ ὡς ἀσεβές εἰπεῖν αἰσχυνόμενοι τῆς ἀπονοίας πάντως ἀφέξονται καί μή βουλόμενοι. Τά γάρ στερητικά ἤ ἀναιρετικά περί τι θεωρούμενα οὐκ αὐτό ἐκεῖνο τυγχάνει ὄντα τό περί ὅ θεωροῦνται, ἐπεί πάντως ἔσονται τῶν σημαινόντων τό τί ἐστιν, ὡς ἐκεῖνο αὐτό ὄντα, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ τό τί οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτό ἐκεῖνο σημαίνοντα· εἰ δέ τοῦτο, ὅρος ἐκείνου τοῦ (1224) περί ὅ λέγονται εἶναι ταῦτα δειχθήσεται, ὅπερ ἄτοπον καί ἀδύνατον. Οὐ γάρ ἐκ τῶν ὧν οὐκ ἔστι τῶν πραγμάτων οἱ ὅροι συνάγονται, ἀλλ᾿ ἐκ τῶν ὧν ἅ ἔστιν, ἐξαπλοῦντα τήν σύντομον τῶν πραγμάτων περίληψιν, ἥτις ὀνομασία τούτων ὑπάρχει. Οὐδέν οὖν τό σύνολον τῶν περί Θεοῦ ἤ περί Θεόν εἶναι λεγομένων οὐσία εἶναι Θεοῦ πώποτε δύναται, ὅτι μηδέ θέσιν, μόνην καί μόνῳ Θεῷ ἁρμόζουσαν, ἄσχετον, καί τῆς περί τι παντάπασιν ἐνεργείας ἄφετον αὐτό ἐκεῖνο κατά τό τί ποτε εἶναι ἐμφῆναι δύναται.

Ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ λόγου, εἰς τό, "Ὡς γάρ οὐκ ἀρκεῖ τό σῶμα εἰπεῖν, ἤ τό γεγεννῆσθαι, πρός τό καί περί ὅ ταῦτα παραστῆσαί τε καί δηλῶσαι, ἀλλά δεῖ καί τό ὑποκείμενον τούτοις εἰπεῖν, εἰ μέλλοι τελείως καί ἀποχρώντως τό νοούμενον παραστήσασθαι· ἤ γάρ ἄνθρωπος ἤ βοῦς ἤ ἵππος τοῦτο τό ἐν σώματι καί φθειρόμενον. "

Ἐπείπερ ἐώρα τούς αἱρετικούς ὁ ἅγιος ἕνα μόνον ἔχοντας ἀγῶνα, τήν ὑπερούσιον ἑαυτοῖς ἀνοήτως συγκαταβάλλειν φύσιν, καί τεχνικαίς μεθόδοις περιλήψει τῆς κατ᾿ αὐτούς γνώσεως κρατεῖν ἐπιχειροῦντας, ὡς ᾤοντο, τήν ἀκράτητον δύναμιν, καί πάσῃ τῇ κτίσει κατά τό ἴσον ἀχώρητον, δι᾿ ὅλου τοῦ λόγου τάς στερήσεις τε καί τάς ἀποφάσεις προὐτίμησεν ἐπί Θεοῦ λέγειν, μηδεμίας παντελῶς ἀνασχόμενος θέσεως ἤ καταφάσεως, ἵνα μή ταύτης λαβόμενοι ὡς ἀναιδεῖς κύνες δήγματι τούς ἰοβόλους ὀδόντας μανικῶς τῷ λόγῳ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐμβάλλωσιν, ἀφορμήν τοῦ ὁπωσοῦν προτείνειν καί παραλογίζεσθαι, καί τό οἰκεῖον εἰς πέρας ἀγαγεῖν δυνηθῆναι σπούδασμα, τήν ὁποιανοῦν περί Θεοῦ δοθεῖσαν αὐτοῖς τοῦ λόγου θέσιν ποιούμενοι. ∆ιά τοῦτο οὔτε σῶμα, οὔτε ἄϋλον σῶμα, οὔτε ἀσώματον παντελῶς, οὔτε ἐν τῷ παντί, οὔτε ἔν τινι τοῦ παντός, οὔτε ὑπέρ τό πᾶν, καί ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν, οὐδέν τό παράπαν καί ἐν οὐδενί καθ᾿ οἱονδήποτε τρόπον, ὡς ἔστιν ἀληθές, τῶν ὁρομένων ἤ χωρουμένων ἤ λεγομένων ἤ νοουμένων ἤ γνωσθεῖναι καθ᾿ ὁτιοῦν δυναμένων, εἶναι τόν Θεόν ἀποφαίνεται, πάσης αὐτούς τῆς περί Θεοῦ καταληπτικῆς κατά τό τί ποτε εἶναι τήν οὐσίαν ἐννοίας ἀποῤῥαπίζων. Ἔπειτα δυσωπητικώτερον αὐτούς ἐνάγων πρός εὐσέβειαν, καί ἐκ τῆς περί τά δεύτερα καί μακράν ἀσυγκρίτως ἀπό Θεοῦ ἐρεύνης τό καθόλου περί Θεοῦ τολμηρῶς μηδέ ἐννοεῖν, μήτιγε λέγειν, εἶναί τινι θεμιτόν δεῖξαι βουλόμενος, ταῦτά φησι. Καί μήν καί πρός σύστασιν τῶν ἤδη πρός αὐτούς κατά στέρησίν τε καί ἀπόφασιν εἰρημένων, ὥστε αὐτούς συνειδότας ἐντεῦθεν, ὡς καί ἡ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἐν τοῖς ποιήμασιν ἀκριβής κατάληψις τῆς καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς λογικῆς ἐνεργείας ὑπερβαίνει τήν δύναμιν, τῆς περί τά πολλῷ μείζω θρασύτητος τόν ἀλόγιστον δυνηθῆναι φοράν ἐπισχεῖν, ἐν τοῖς μικροῖς τό ἀσθενές μαθόντας τῆς φύσεως.