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is brought together. And according to time the word of Scripture is contemplated, when it denotes "Sometime," "Was," "Is," "Will be," "Before this," "The Present," "After this," and "At this," and "From the beginning," "The Past," "The Future," and years and seasons and months and weeks and days and nights and their parts, and simply whatever indicates time; but according to place, when it signifies heaven and earth and air and sea, the inhabited world, ends, lands, islands, cities, temples, villages, fields, mountains, valleys, roads, rivers, deserts, wine-presses, threshing-floors, vineyards, and simply whatever can characterize place; but according to genus, universally when it denotes angels, or whatever belongs to the ordering of the intelligible substances in heaven, and also sun and moon, stars, fire, and whatever happens to be in the air, on earth, in the sea, whether animals, or zoophytes, or plants, and whatever is mined from the earth and falls under human arts, and whatever other such things, it denotes, and again, in a particular way, when it names human beings, nations, peoples, tongues, tribes, families, and whatever such things, with or without number; but according to person, when it calls this angel, or this archangel, or Seraphim, or whatever of the intelligible substances dwelling in the heavens, by name, or Abraham, or Isaac, or Jacob, or some other of those who are placed in Scripture for praise or blame, it indicates by name (1296); but according to dignity, when a kingdom, or a king, or a shepherd, or a flock, or a priest, or a priesthood, or a farmer, or a general, or a master-builder, and simply any other of the pursuits by which the human race is divided. For all these things, which the word has shown to be contained in the five modes, consisting in substance and power and energy, in the primary divisions concerning them, either necessarily moves or is moved, or is acted upon or acts, or contemplates or is contemplated, or speaks or is spoken of, or teaches or is taught, or receives a commission or a prohibition, and simply, to speak concisely, whether acting or being acted upon, they variously introduce to us through their mutual intertwining practical and natural and theological philosophy, each of the things named, that is, being taken in manifold ways, according to the concepts of contemplation concerning it, for praise or blame, and revealing the principles concerning it that are to be done or not done, or natural or unnatural, or intelligible or unintelligible. For, as I said, the mode for each principle is twofold, as far as possible for the one who makes an intelligent examination of the contemplation of them, so that from the positing of the principles that are to be done and are natural and intelligible, and from the removal of the phantasies that are not to be done and are unnatural and unintelligible, practical and natural and theological philosophy may be acquired by the pious, which is the same as to say, the love of God. And these again are divided into the present and the future, as having a shadow and a truth, and a type and an archetype. And as it is possible supernaturally and loftily in this age for man, having reached the highest measure of virtue and knowledge and wisdom, to attain the science of divine things, it is in a type and image of the archetypes. For every truth now believed by us to exist is truly a type, and a shadow of the greater principle and an image. The principle which is in all things according to the present in relation to the future and is the maker of all things is understood as in a type and a truth, both being and appearing, as being beyond the present and the future, and beyond type and truth, by having nothing opposite co-contemplated with it. But falsehood is opposed to truth. Therefore, the principle to which all things are brought together is beyond truth, and again, as being man and God, is truly beyond all humanity and divinity.

The first five modes, therefore, are brought together according to the manifold contemplation upon them into practical and natural and theological philosophy, and these again into the

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συνάγεται. Καί κατά μέν χρόνον ὁ τῆς Γραφῆς θεωρεῖται λόγος, ἡνίκα τό Ποτέ, τό Ἦν, τό Ἔστι, τό Ἔσται, τό Πρό τοῦδε, τό Παρόν, τό Μετά τόδε, καί Ἐπί τοῦδε, καί Ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς, τό Παρελθόν, τό Μέλλον, ἑνιαυτούς τε καί καιρούς καί μῆνας καί ἑβδομάδας καί ἡμέρας καί νύκτας καί τά τούτων μέρη, καί ἁπλῶς ὅσα ἐμφαντικά χρόνου, δηλοῖ· κατά δέ τόπον, ὅταν οὐρανόν καί γῆν καί ἀέρα καί θάλασσαν, οἰκουμένην, πέρατα, χώρας, νήσους, πόλεις, ναούς, κώμας, ἀγρούς, ὄρη, φάραγγας, ὁδούς, ποταμούς, ἐφήμους, ληνούς, ἅλωνας, ἀμπελῶνας, καί ἁπλῶς ὅσα τόπον χαρακτηρίζειν δύναται, σημαίνῃ· κατά γένος δέ, καθολικῶς μέν ὁπόταν ἀγγέλους, ἤ ὅσα τῆς ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἔστι τῶν νοερῶν οὐσιῶν διακοσμήσεως, πρός δέ καί ἥλιον καί σελήνην, ἀστέρας, πῦρ, καί ὅσα ἐν ἀέρι, ἐν γῇ, ἐν θαλάσσῃ τυγχάνει ὄντα, ἤ ζῶα, ἤ ζωόφυτα, ἤ φυτά, καί ὅσα ἐκ γῆς μεταλλεύεται καί τέχναις ἀνθρώπων ὑποπίπτει, καί ὅσα ἕτερα τοιαῦτα, δηλοῖ, ἰδιοτρόπως δέ πάλιν, ὅταν ἀνθρώπους, ἔθνη, λαούς, γλώσσας, φυλάς, πατριάς, καί ὅσα τοιαῦτα, σύν ἀριθμῷ ἤ ἀριθμοῦ χωρίς ὀνομάζῃ· κατά πρόσωπον δέ, ὅταν τόνδε τόν ἄγγελον, ἤ τόνδε τόν ἀρχάγγελον, ἤ Σεραφίμ, ἤ ὅσα τῶν ἐν οὐρανοῖς διαιτωμένων νοερῶν οὐσιῶν, ἐξ ὀνόματος καλῇ, ἤ Ἀβραάμ, ἤ Ἰσαάκ, ἤ Ἰακώβ, ἤ ἕτερόν τινα τῶν ἐν ἐπαίνῳ ἤ ψόγῳ τῇ Γραφῇ κειμένων, δι᾿ ὀνόματος (1296) παραδηλοῖ· κατ᾿ ἀξίαν δέ, ἡνίκα βασιλείαν, ἤ βασιλέα, ἤ ποιμένα, ἤ ποίμνην, ἤ ἱερέα, ἤ ἱερωσύνην, ἤ γεωργόν, ἤ στρατηγόν, ἤ ἀρχιτέκτονα, καί ἁπλῶς εἴ τι ἄλλο τῶν οἷς διῄρηται τό ἀνθρώπινον γένος ἐπιτηδεύμασι. Ταῦτα γάρ πάντα ὅσα τοῖς πέντε περιεχόμενα τρόποις ἔδειξεν ὁ λόγος, οὐσίᾳ καί δυνάμει καί ἐνεργείᾳ, ταῖς περί αὐτά πρώταις διαιρέσεσι, συνιστάμενα, ἤ κινεῖ πάντως ἤ κινεῖται, ἤ ἐνεργεῖται ἤ ἐνεργεῖ, ἤ θεωρεῖ ἤ θεωρεῖται, ἤ λαλεῖ ἤ λαλεῖται, ἤ διδάσκει ἤ διδάσκεται, ἤ ἐπιτροπήν ἤ ἀποτροπήν δέχεται, καί ἁπλῶς ἵνα συνελών εἴπω, ἤ ποιοῦντα ἤ πάσχοντα τήν πρακτικήν καί τήν φυσικήν καί τήν θεολογικήν κατά συμπλοκήν δι᾿ ἀλλήλων ποικίλως ἡμῖν εἰσηγοῦνται φιλοσοφίαν, ἑκάστου δηλαδή τῶν ὠνομασμένων πολυτρόπως ταῖς περί αὐτό κατά τήν θεωρίαν ἐπινοίαις ἐπαινετῶς ἤ ψεκτῶς λαμβανομένου, καί τούς ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ ποιητέους ἤ οὐ ποιητέους, ἤ φυσικούς ἤ ἀφύσικους, ἤ νοητούς ἤ ἀνοήτους λόγους ἐκφαίνοντος. ∆ιττός γάρ, ὡς ἔφην, ὁ ἐφ᾿ ἑκάστῳ λόγῳ τρόπος ἐστί, κατά τό δυνατόν τῷ ποιουμένῳ τήν ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῖς συνετῶς τῆς θεωρίας ἐξέτασιν, ἵνα ἔκ τε τῆς τῶν ποιητέων καί φυσικῶν καί νοητῶν λόγων θέσεως, καί ἐκ τῆς τῶν οὐ ποιητέων καί ἀφυσίκων καί ἀνοήτων φαντασιῶν ἀφαιρέσεως, ἡ πρακτική καί ἡ φυσική καί ἡ θεολογική περιποιηθῇ τοῖς εὐσεβέσι φιλοσοφία, ταὐτόν δέ ἐστιν εἰπεῖν, φιλοθεΐα. Καί αὗται δέ πάλιν τῷ τε παρόντι καί τῷ μέλλοντι διαιροῦνται, ὡς σκιάν ἔχουσαι καί ἀλήθειαν, καί τύπον καί ἀρχετυπίαν. Ὡς δ᾿ ἄν ὑπερφυῶς τε καί ὑψηλῶς δυνατόν ἐστι κατά τόν αἰῶνα τοῦτον τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τό ἀκρότατον φθάσαντες μέτρον τῆς ἀρετῆς καί τῆς γνώσεως καί τῆς σοφίας περιγενέσθαι τήν τῶν θείων ἐπιστήμην, ἐν τύπῳ καί εἰκόνι τῶν ἀρχετύπων ἐστί. Τύπος γάρ ἐστιν ὡς ἀληθῶς πᾶσα παρ᾿ ἡμῶν νῦν εἶναι νομιζομένη ἀλήθεια, καί σκιά τοῦ μείζονος λόγου καί εἰκών. Ὁ ἐν ὅλοις κατά τό παρόν πρός τό μέλλον καί τῶν ὅλων ποιητικός λόγος κατανοούμενός ἐστιν ὡς ἐν τύπῳ καί ἀληθείᾳ, καί ὤν καί φαινόμενος, ὡς ὑπέρ τό παρόν καί τό μέλλον ὤν, καί ὑπέρ τύπον καί ἀλήθειαν, τῷ μηδέν ἔχειν ἀντικείμενον συνθεωρούμενον. Ἀντίκειται δέ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τό ψεῦδος. Ὑπέρ ἀλήθειαν ἄρα ὁ πρός ὅν τά πάντα συνάγεται λόγος, καί αὖθις, ὡς ἄνθρωπος καί Θεός ὑπάρχων, καί ὑπέρ πᾶσαν ὤν ἀληθῶς ἀνθρωπότητά τε καί θεότητα.

Συνάγονται τοίνυν οἱ μέν πρότεροι πέντε τρόποι κατά τήν ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῖς πολύτροπον θεωρίαν εἰς πρακτικήν καί φυσικήν καί θεολογικήν φιλοσοφίαν, αὗται δέ πάλιν εἰς τό