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birth for the reason given, that at the same time with the conception, with no temporal interval at all being preconceived, the Lord received the life-giving spirit, that is, the inbreathing according to his humanity, I mean the rational soul with the body from the immaculate Virgin, and not after the conception, the teacher determines.

Against those who say that souls pre-exist bodies. For some say, as I have already stated before, that souls pre-exist bodies,

souls, while others the contrary, that bodies pre-exist souls. But we, journeying the middle way as the royal one according to our fathers, affirm neither pre-existence nor post-existence of soul or body, but rather co-existence, guarding against the inclinations on either side, and inclining not at all to the left or to the right, as holy Scripture says, fearing a fear (1328) than which there is nothing more terrible to fear, lest by saying that souls pre-exist bodies, and that bodies were invented for the sake of punishing souls, on account of the pre-existing wickedness of incorporeal beings, we should rightly posit wickedness to be the sole cause of the magnificent great work of visible things, through which God is known, proclaimed in silence, imposing on God a necessity to create, against His purpose, a substance He had not willed to, of which, perhaps, from the beginning He did not even hold the logos hidden before the ages with the others. For to say that God has the logoi of the substantial existence of things that come to be against His purpose does not seem to me to be of a sound mind, or of one in any way well-aware of the majesty of God, who is impassible and alone true, and who has nothing at all recent among the pre-existing logoi of beings within Him, and especially nothing against His purpose. For all things whatsoever that exist or will exist in substance have been pre-willed and pre-conceived and foreknown by Him; and each of beings He endows with substance and existence at the fitting and opportune time. For let us not think, when we see God making something, that He then began to will, conceive, and know it. Perish the thought. For this is truly full of great absurdity, if what God from the beginning, before the ages, neither conceived nor knew nor willed to be, He now, having conceived and willed and known it—or to speak more appropriately, having changed his mind—accomplished as something good; not to mention that He does not even know the making of those things of which he does not previously have the logoi. But we believe that all things are always comprehended by the foreknowing will of God according to His infinite power, with nothing being newly devised by Him in any way, and receiving its substantial being. For I do not think that those of a pious mind ought to imagine that God learns each of the things already comprehended beforehand in Himself with infinite power according to their own logoi by means of their being brought into existence. But to us the ages and times show all things being wisely created according to the predetermined and fitting time for each, and being brought forth into existence, just as the divine Apostle also says concerning Levi, relating thus: For he was still in the loins of his father, before he came into being. And he, existing in potentiality in the patriarch Abraham, but at the appointed time receiving his generation into being in actuality through gestation, has led us to understand and believe that all things, in sequence and order according to the ineffable wisdom of God, receive their generation into being at the foreknown time.

(1329) Of all things, therefore, that substantially exist and will exist, or have come to be, or will come to be, or appear, or will appear, pre-exist in God

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γέννησιν διά τήν ἀποδοθεῖσαν αἰτίαν, ἅμα τῇ συλλήψει κατά ταυτόν χρονικῆς οὐ ὅλως ῥοπῆς προεπινουμένης, εἰληφέναι τόν Κύριον τό ζωτικόν πνεῦμα, ἤτοι ἐμφύσημα κατά τό ἀνθρώπινον αὐτοῦ, λέγω δέ τήν νοεράν ψυχήν μετά τοῦ σώματος τοῦ ἐκ τῆς ἀχράντου Παρθένου, καί οὐ μετά τήν σύλληψιν, ὁ διδάσκαλος διορίζεται.

Πρός τούς λέγοντας προϋπάρχειν τῶν σωμάτων τάς ψυχάς. Τινές μέν γάρ φασιν, ὡς ἤδη προλαβών ἔφην, προϋπάρχειν τῶν σωμάτων τάς

ψυχάς, τινές δέ τό ἐναντίον, τῶν ψυχῶν προϋπάρχειν τά σώματα. Ἡμεῖς δέ τήν μέσην ὁδόν ὡς βασιλικήν κατά τούς πατέρας ἡμῶν ὁδεύοντες οὔτε προΰπαρξιν οὔτε μεθύπαρξιν ψυχῆς ἤ σώματος, συνύπαρξιν δέ μᾶλλον φαμεν, τάς ἐφ᾿ ἑκάτερα φυλαττόμενοι ἐγκλίσεις, καί μήτε ἀριστερά μήτε δεξιά, καθώς φησιν ἡ ἁγία Γραφή, παντάπασιν ῥέποντες, φόβον φοβούμενοι (1328) οὖ πλέον φοβεῖσθαι οὐδέν ἐστι φοβερώτερον, μήπως προϋπάρχειν λέγοντες τῶν σωμάτων τάς ψυχάς, καί τιμωρίας ἕνεκεν τῶν ψυχῶν ἐφευρέσθαι τά σώματα, διά τήν προγεγενημένην τῶν ἀσωμάτων κακίαν, τῆς τῶν ὁρομένων ἐκπρεποῦς μεγαλουργίας, δι᾿ ἧς ὁ Θεός γινώσκεται σιωπῇ κηρυττόμενος, αἰτίαν εἰκότως εἶναι μόνην ὑποτιθέμεθα τήν κακίαν, ἀνάγκην ἐπάγουσαν τῷ Θεῷ παρά πρόθεσιν ἥν οὐκ εὐδόκησεν οὐσίαν δημιουργῆσαι, ἧς τυχόν ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς οὐδέ τόν λόγον ἔχει πρό τῶν αἰώνων μετά τῶν ἄλλων ἀπόκρυφον. Τῶν γάρ παρά πρόθεσιν γινομένων λέγειν τόν Θεόν ἔχειν τούς τῆς οὐσιώσεως λόγους, οὔ μοι δοκεῖ συνετῆς διανοίας εἶναι, καί ὁπωσοῦν εὖ συνῃσθημένης Θεοῦ μεγαλειότητος, τοῦ ἀπαθοῦς καί μόνου ἀληθοῦς, καί μηδέν ἔχοντος καθόλου κατά τούς ἐν αὐτῷ προόντας τῶν ὄντων λόγους πρόσφατον, καί μάλιστα παρά πρόθεσιν. Πάντα γάρ αὐτῷ τά ὁπωσοῦν ὄντα ἤ γενησόμενα κατά τήν οὐσίαν προτεθέληταί τε καί προεννενόηται, καί προέγνωσται· ἕκαστον δέ τῶν ὄντων κατά τόν εὔθετον καί ἐπιτήδειον καιρόν οὐσιοῖ καί ὑφίστησι. Μηδέ γάρ ὅτε τι κατασκευάζοντα τόν Θεόν ὁρῶμεν, τότε καί τῆς περί αὐτό θελήσεως ἦρχθαι ἐννοίας τε καί γνώσεως αὐτόν νομίσωμεν. Ἄπαγε. Πολλῆς γάρ ὄντως ἐστί τοῦτο μεστόν ἀτοπίας, εἰ ὅπερ ὁ Θεός ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρό τῶν αἰώνων μήτε ἐνενόησεν ἤ ἔγνω ἤ ἐθέλησεν εἶναι, νῦν νοήσας τε καί θελήσας καί γνούς, ἤ μεταγνούς εἰπεῖν οἰκειότερον, ὡς καλόν ἐξετέλεσεν· ἵνα μή λέγω ὅτι οὐδέ αὐτήν ὧν τούς λόγους προηγουμένως οὐκ ἔχει, γινώσκει τήν ποιήσιν. Ἀλλά πάντα τῇ βουλήσει τοῦ Θεοῦ προγνωστικῶς κατά τήν ἄπειρον αὐτοῦ δύναμιν ἀεί περιέχεσθαι πιστεύομεν, μηδενός αὐτῷ καθ᾿ οἱανδήποτε τρόπον προσφάτως ἐπινοουμένου, καί τό εἶναι κατά τήν οὐσίαν λαμβάνοντος. Μηδέ γάρ οἴεσθαι δεῖν εὐσεβῶς φρονοῦντας ὑπολαμβάνω τόν Θεόν τά κατά πρόγνωσιν ἀπειροδυνάμως ἐν ἑαυτῷ κατά τούς ἑαυτῶν λόγους προπεριεχόμενα ἕκαστα μανθάνειν διά τῆς εἰς τό εἶναι παραγωγῆς. Ἀλλ᾿ ἡμῖν οἱ αἰῶνές τε καί οἱ χρόνοι κατά τόν προωρισμένον καί τόν εὔθετον ἑκάστου καιρόν σοφῶς ἕκαστα δημιουργούμενα δεικνύουσι, καί εἰς τό εἶναι προβάλλονται, καθά καί περί τοῦ Λευί φησιν ὁ θεῖος Ἀπόστολος οὑτωσί διεξιών, Ἔτι γάρ ἐν τῇ ὀσφύϊ τοῦ πατρός ἦν, πρίν εἰς τό εἶναι παρελθεῖν. Ὅστις δυνάμει μέν ἐν τῷ πατριάρχῃ Ἀβραάμ ὑπάρχων, κατά δέ τόν τετελεσμένον καιρόν τήν πρός τό εἶναι διά κυήσεως κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν γένεσιν λαβών, εἱρμῷ καί τάξει κατα τήν ἀπόῤῥητον σοφίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ τά πάντα τήν πρός τό εἶναι γένεσιν δέχεσθαι νοεῖν ἡμᾶς καί πιστεύειν κατα τόν προγνωσθέντα καιρόν ὑπηγάγετο.

(1329) Πάντων οὖν τῶν κατ᾿ οὐσίαν ὑπαρκτικῶς ὄντων τε καί ἐσομένων, ἤ γενομένων, ἤ γενησομένων ἤ φαινομένων, ἤ φανησομένων, ἐν τῷ Θεῷ προϋπάρχουσι