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the principles being firmly established, according to which all things both exist and have come into being and always remain according to their own principles of purpose, through natural motion approaching and being held together more toward being, according to the quality and quantity of the motion and inclination of their free choice, receiving well-being through virtue and the straight path toward the principle according to which it exists, or woe-being through vice and the motion contrary to the principle according to which it exists, and to speak concisely, according to the possession or the privation of their natural capacity for participation in that which is by nature utterly unparticipatable, and which offers itself wholly by grace to all without distinction, both worthy and unworthy, on account of its infinite goodness, and which will bring about the permanence of eternal being according as each has disposed himself and is. For whom the analogous participation or non-participation in that which truly is, and is well, and is forever, is an intensification and increase of punishment for those unable to participate, and of enjoyment for those able to participate. For there is absolutely nothing among beings whose principle does not pre-exist in God. And of those things whose principles of essence pre-exist in God, their generation is surely according to a divine purpose. And of those things whose generation is according to a divine purpose, their existence according to essence remains unmovable toward non-being. And of those things whose existence according to essence has subsisted unmovably toward non-being after their generation from Being, their principles happen to be permanent and stable, having as their sole principle of being Wisdom, from which and through which they exist, and by which they have the power to be able to exist firmly. And of those things whose principles permanently exist in God, the purpose of God who made all things concerning them is also infallible; for the purpose of God is not at all contained by temporal limits, nor indeed does it admit alteration from change, falling together with its subjects; of these, their existences are unquestionably and clearly incorruptible. For either God, willing according to purpose, has made human bodies, and through Him they remain completely unchangeable toward non-being, as that which was willed with reason and wisdom according to purpose always wills to be, and there will not be, according to them, a complete dissolution of bodies into non-being; or He did not make them according to purpose, and not willing them, He was tyrannized, being led by force to the generation of things whose principles He is not revealed as possessing. And if, being tyrannized, He came to make the bodies unwillingly, contrary to purpose, then clearly reason and wisdom in no way guided their generation. For that which comes to be contrary to divine purpose is utterly deprived of (1332) and alienated from reason and wisdom. But that which is utterly deprived of reason and wisdom is only evil, whose being is characterized by non-existence, of which may it never be ours to conceive of God as the maker, much less to say so openly, and to dare ruinously to believe it. But who is it who tyrannized God, if indeed He has been tyrannized, and is it right at all to say that He made something contrary to purpose that He did not will? And how is he who has been tyrannized God, who from necessity brings into existence contrary to purpose the generation of things for destruction? Let those who hold this opinion dare to say. For either they would say that God has made these things, and they would blaspheme in the highest degree, imposing a necessity upon God to make something contrary to purpose; or that He did not make them, and they will be caught necessarily introducing another, Manichaean principle that makes these things. For the dogma of pre-existence surely belongs to those who set up two principles in opposition to each other. Whom, by the grace of the all-merciful God, the deep gloom of obscurity, having enveloped them, has driven away into complete oblivion, as they could not bear the light of the truth preached by our holy Fathers.

But I wonder how they, so that I may omit for now all that could be said, for the sake of the proportion of the discourse, the mystery concerning Christ our true God, not

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παγίως ὄντες οἱ λόγοι, καθ᾿ οὕς καί εἰσί τά πάντα καί γεγόνασι καί διαμένουσιν ἀεί τοῖς ἑαυτῶν κατά πρόθεσιν λόγοις, διά κινήσεως φυσικῆς ἐγγίζοντα καί πρός τό εἶναι μᾶλλον συνεχόμενα, κατά τήν ποιάν τε καί ποσήν τῆς προαιρέσεως κίνησίν τε καί ῥοπήν, τό εὖ δι᾿ ἀρετήν καί τήν πρός τόν λόγον καθ᾿ ὅν ἐστιν εὐθυπορίαν, ἤ τό φεῦ εἶναι διά κακίαν καί τήν παρά τόν λόγον καθ᾿ ὅν ἐστι κίνησιν λαμβάνοντα, καί συντόμως εἰπεῖν κατά τήν ἕξιν ἤ τήν στέρησιν τῆς αὐτῶν κατά φύσιν μεθεκτικῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ παντελῶς ἀμεθέκτου κατά φύσιν ὑπάρχοντος, καί πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς ἑαυτόν ἀξίοις τε καί ἀναξίοις ὅλον κατά χάριν δι' ἄπειρον ἀγαθότητα παρέχοντος, καί τήν τοῦ ἀεί εἶναι καθώς ἕκαστος ὑφ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ διατέθειταί τε καί ἔστι διαμονήν ἐμποιήσοντος. Οἷς ἡ τοῦ κυρίως ὄντος καί εὖ ὄντος καί ἀεί ὄντος ἀνάλογος μέθεξις ἤ ἀμεθεξία, τιμωρίας τῶν μετασχεῖν μή δυναμένων, καί ἀπολαύσεως τῶν μετασχεῖν δυναμένων, ἐπίτασίς ἐστι καί ἐπαύξησις. Οὐδέν γάρ τό παράπαν ἔστι τῶν ὄντων οὗ μή παρά τῷ Θεῷ πάντων ὁ λόγος προένεστιν. Ὧν δέ παρά τῷ Θεῷ προϋπάρχουσιν ὄντες τῆς οὐσίας οἱ λόγοι, τούτων δηλαδή κατά πρόθεσιν θείαν πάντως ἐστίν ἡ γένεσις. Ὧν δέ κατά πρόθεσιν θείαν ἐστίν ἡ γένεσις, τούτων ἡ κατ᾿ οὐσίαν ὕπαρξις μένει πρός τό μή ὅν ἀμεταχώρητος. Ὧν δέ πρός τό μή ὄν ἀμεταχώρητος μετά τήν γένεσιν ἀπό τοῦ ὄντος ἡ κατ᾿ οὐσίαν ὑφέστηκεν ὕπαρξις, τούτων οἱ λόγοι τυγχάνουσι μόνιμοί τε καί βάσιμοι, μόνην ἔχοντες ἀρχήν τοῦ εἶναι τήν σοφίαν, ἐξ ἧς καί δι᾿ ἥν ὑπάρχουσι, καί ὑφ᾿ ἧς τήν πρός τό εἶναι δύνασθαι παγίως δύναμιν ἔχουσιν. Ὧν δέ οἱ λόγοι μονίμως ὑπάρχουσι παρά τῷ Θεῷ, καί ἡ περί αὐτούς τοῦ πεποιηκότος τά πάντα Θεοῦ πρόθεσίς ἐστιν ἀδιάπτωτος· χρονικοῖς γάρ ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ πρόθεσις παντάπασιν οὐ περιείληπται πέρασιν, οὔτε μέν τήν ἐκ μεταβολῆς ἀλλοίωσιν ἐπιδέχεται τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις συμμεταπίπτουσα, τούτων ἀναμφηρίστως αἱ ὑπάρξεις σαφῶς εἰσιν ἀδιάφθοροι. Ἤ γάρ οὖν κατά πρόθεσιν θέλων πεποίηκεν ὁ Θεός τά ἀνθρώπινα σώματα, καί μένει δι' αὐτόν πρός τό μή ὄν ἀμετάπτωτα παντελῶς, ἀεί θέλοντα εἶναι τό σύν λόγῳ καί σοφίᾳ κατά πρόθεσιν θεληθέν, καί οὐκ ἔσται κατ' αὐτούς ἡ παντελής τῶν σωμάτων πρός τό μή ὄν ἀπογένεσις, ἤ κατά πρόθεσιν οὐ πεποίηκε, καί μή θέλων ἐτυραννήθη, κατά βίαν ἀγόμενος πρός γένεσιν, ὧν τούς λόγους ἔχων οὐ πέφανται. Καί εἰ μέν τυραννηθείς παρά πρόθεσιν ἦλθε ποιῆσαι μή θέλων τά σώματα, λόγος δηλονότι καί σοφία τῆς τούτων γενέσεως οὐδαμῶς καθηγήσατο. Τό γάρ παρά πρόθεσιν θείαν γινόμενον, λόγου καί σοφίας παντελῶς ἐστέρηταί τε (1332) καί ἠλλοτρίωται. Τό δέ λόγου καί σοφίας παντελῶς ἐστερημένον μόνον ἐστί τό κακόν, οὗ τό εἶναι χαρακτηρίζει ἡ ἀνυπαρξία, οὗτινος ποιητήν τόν Θεόν μήτε ἐννοεῖν ἡμῖν γένοιτο πώποτε, μήτιγε δέ λέγειν ἀναφανδόν, καί πιστεύειν ὀλεθρίως τολμᾷν. Τίς δέ ὁ τυραννήσας τόν Θεόν, εἴπερ τετυράννηται, καί θέμις ὅλως εἰπεῖν ποιῆσαι παρά πρόθεσιν ὅ μή βεβούληται; Καί πῶς ὁ τυραννηθείς ἐστι Θεός, πρός ἀνάγκης ὑφιστῶν παρά πρόθεσιν ἐπ᾿ ἀπωλείᾳ γένεσιν πραγμάτων; Οἱ ταύτην περιέποντες τήν δόξαν λέγειν τολμάτωσαν. Ἤ γάρ ἄν τόν Θεόν ταῦτα πεποιηκέναι φαῖεν, καί τά μέγιστα βλασφημήσαιεν, ἀνάγκην ἐπάγοντες τῷ Θεῷ ποιῆσαί τι παρά πρόθεσιν· ἤ μή πεποιηκέναι, καί ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἄλλην ἀρχήν Μανιχαϊκῶς τήν ταῦτα ποιοῦσαν εἰσάγοντες φωραθήσονται. Πάντως γάρ ἴδιόν ἐστι τῶν δύο ἀρχάς ἀλλήλαις ἀντιπαρεξαγόντων τό τῆς προϋπάρξεως δόγμα. Οὕς χάριτι Θεοῦ τοῦ παντελεήμονος ὁ βαθύς τῆς ἀφανείας ζόφος περιλαβών εἰς τελείαν ἀπήλασε λήθην, τό φέγγος τῆς κηρυττομένης ὑπό τῶν ἁγίων Πατέρων ἡμῶν ἀληθείας οὐ φέροντας.

Θαυμάζω δέ πῶς αὐτούς, ἵνα παραλείψω νῦν ὅσα ῥηθῆναι δυνατόν ἐστι, διά τήν συμμετρίαν τοῦ λόγου, τό κατά Χριστόν τόν ἀληθινόν Θεόν ἡμῶν μυστήριον, οὐ